GY327 Freshwater Processes and Ecosystems_Revision Session

Pregunta 1 de 38

1

What salinity classified freshwater?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

<1 mg L-1
<100 mg L-1
<1000 mg L-1

Explicación

Pregunta 2 de 38

1

What are the three dominant ions in freshwater?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Mg, CaCO3, HCO3
Mg, Na, Ca
Mg, Na, Cl

Explicación

Pregunta 3 de 38

1

What percentage of Earth's water is defined as being freshwater?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

0.25 %
2.5%
25 %

Explicación

Pregunta 4 de 38

1

What term best describes ‘all the organisms in a given area as well as the abiotic factors with which they interact; a community and its’ physical environment’ ?
Campbell and Reece, 2002)

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Niche
Biosphere
Ecosystem

Explicación

Pregunta 5 de 38

1

Which of these sets of definitions distinguishes correctly between the terms phytoplankton and periphyton?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Periphyton are free-floating plants/algae, that are suspended in the water column.
Phytoplankton are algae that are attached to substrates such as rocks (epitlithic phytoplankton) and larger plants/macrophytes (epiphytic phytoplankton)
Phytoplankton are free-floating plants/algae, that are suspended in the water column.
Periphyton are algae that are attached to substrates such as rocks (epitlithic periphyton) and larger plants/macrophytes (epiphytic periphyton)

Explicación

Pregunta 6 de 38

1

The term ‘Lotic’ describes which of the following categories of water?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Standing waters
Ephemeral waters
Flowing waters

Explicación

Pregunta 7 de 38

1

What are the seven general challenges of living in freshwater environments?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Respiration, Productivity, Reproduction, Ontogeny, Feeding, Emersion, Diffusion
Respiration, Physical forces, Reproduction, Osmoregulation, Feeding, Emersion, Dispersal
Respiration, Photosynthesis, Reproduction, Oncology, Feeding, Emersion, Disposal

Explicación

Pregunta 8 de 38

1

Suggest 4 reasons why oxygen availability is more variable in freshwater ecosystems than marine systems or the atmosphere?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

High volume ecosystems = high buffering capacity
Low surface area to volume ratio = small temperature fluctuations (affect 02 dissolving/diffusion rate).
Variable organic loading = low microbial oxygen demand
High photosynthetic oxygen production
Small volume ecosystems = High buffering capacity
High surface area to volume ratio = wide temperature fluctuations (affect 02 dissolving/diffusion rate).
Low organic loading = high microbial oxygen demand
High photosynthetic oxygen production
Small volume ecosystems = low buffering capacity
High surface area to volume ratio = wide temperature fluctuations (affect 02 dissolving/diffusion rate).
Variable organic loading = variable microbial oxygen demand
Variable photosynthetic oxygen production

Explicación

Pregunta 9 de 38

1

Freshwater ecosystems are geographically isolated and temporally impermanent. What effect does each of these characteristics have on the number of species present?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Spatial isolation increases speciation. Temporal impermanence decreases speciation.
Spatial isolation decreases speciation. Temporal impermanence increases speciation.

Explicación

Pregunta 10 de 38

1

What is anhydrobiosis and name an organism that can perform it?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Anhydrobiosis means life without water. It is a form of desiccation resistance that some vertebrates exhibit (African lungfish).
Anhydrobiosis means life without water. It is a form of desiccation resistance that some invertebrates exhibit (tardigrades, rotifers, chironimids).
Anhydrobiosis means life without water. It is a form of desiccation resistance that some algae exhibit.

Explicación

Pregunta 11 de 38

1

What are the two main differences between lakes and ponds?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Lakes tend to be bigger and are mixed primarily through atmospheric turbulence (wind). Ponds tend to be smaller and are mixed primarily through thermal convection currents.
Lakes tend to be bigger and are mixed primarily through thermal convection currents. Ponds tend to be smaller and are mixed primarily through atmospheric turbulence (wind).

Explicación

Pregunta 12 de 38

1

Distinguish between the terms plankton and benthos?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Benthos are the organisms that spend the majority of their time in the water column. Plankton are the organisms that spend the most of their time in the bed sediments (lake or river).
Plankton are the organisms that spend the majority of their time in the water column. Benthos are the organisms that spend the most of their time in the bed sediments (lake or river).
Plankton are the organisms that spend the majority of their time in the subsurface environments. Benthos are the organisms that spend the most of their time in the bed sediments (lake or river).

Explicación

Pregunta 13 de 38

1

The availability of light influences the distribution of plants and animals within a lake. What is the name given to the depth at which only 1 % of the incoming light remains (i.e the boundary between the photic and aphotic zone)?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

The critical depth
The boundary depth
The compensation depth

Explicación

Pregunta 14 de 38

1

Who developed a conceptual model known as the ‘River Continuum Concept’ that describes the longitudinal changes in physical, chemical and biological composition along a river?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Vannote et al (1980)
Begon et al (1980)
Townsend et al (1980)

Explicación

Pregunta 15 de 38

1

What is meant by the term ‘allocthonous’?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Energy or matter derived from within the freshwater ecosystem (e.g. phytoplankton and fungal spores)
Energy or matter derived from outside of the freshwater ecosystem (e.g. terrestrial leaf fall into a river; bat guano in a cave)

Explicación

Pregunta 16 de 38

1

What term best describes ‘subsurface water that occurs beneath the watertable in soils and geologic formations that are fully saturated’?
(Freeze and Cherry, 1979)

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Hyporheos
Soil water
Groundwater

Explicación

Pregunta 17 de 38

1

How do the temperature/thermal conditions differ in subsurface environments compare to terrestrial environments?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Subsurface thermal regimes are more stable than their terrestrial counterparts; they are warmer than the terrestrial minimum, but cooler than the terrestrial maximum.
Subsurface thermal regimes are more variable than their terrestrial counterparts; they are cooler than the terrestrial minimum, but warmer than the terrestrial maximum.
Subsurface thermal regimes are identical to their terrestrial counterparts

Explicación

Pregunta 18 de 38

1

There are two main groups of subsurface dwelling organisms (hypogeans). These are stygophiles and stygobites. Which group show specific adaptations to living in subsurface environments?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Stygophile
Stygobite

Explicación

Pregunta 19 de 38

1

Where on the R-K-A selection continuum might you expect stygobites to be positioned?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Stygobites are R-selected species; they are adapted to high resource availability but environmental variability
Stygobites are K-selected species; they are adapted to high resource availability and environmental constancy
Stygobites are A-selected species; they are adapted to poor resource availability but environmental constancy

Explicación

Pregunta 20 de 38

1

What is an ephemeral waterbody?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

A temporary waterbody
A waterbody on the fringe of a catchment
An isolated waterbody

Explicación

Pregunta 21 de 38

1

Name 5 ways in which humans disturb the physical characteristics of freshwater ecosystems?

Selecciona una o más de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Thermal discharges from industrial processes
Suspended sediment pollution from increased soil erosion from agricultural fields
Straightening river channels
Damming river channels
Removing native species of invertebrates
Introducing non-native species of invertebrates
Abstracting water for agricultural, domestic and industrial uses

Explicación

Pregunta 22 de 38

1

For what reasons are river channels straightened?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

To decrease the speed of removal of flood waters in order to protect land/properties.
To abandon land and impede drainage.
To impede navigability for vessels.
To increase the speed of removal of flood waters in order to protect land/properties.
To reclaim land and improve drainage.
To improve navigability for vessels.

Explicación

Pregunta 23 de 38

1

What management system is in place in England and Wales, as part of the EU Water Framework Directive, to prevent the negative impacts of over-abstraction from freshwater environments?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Catchment Abstraction Drainage System (CADS).
Catchment Abstraction Management System (CAMS).
Sustainable Urban Drainage System (SUDS)

Explicación

Pregunta 24 de 38

1

Why is water temperature so important for many freshwater organisms?

Selecciona una o más de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Water temperature is important to freshwater organisms because most freshwater organisms are poikilothermic- their internal body temperature is controlled by the environmental temperature, therefore their rate of metabolism also changes with changing external temperatures.
Many freshwater organisms rely on thermal cues for certain stages within their life-cycle, disruption to thermal regimes can have significant detrimental impacts on the populations of species.
Many freshwater organisms obtain their oxygen directly from the water. Dissolved oxygen availability decreases with increasing water temperature, thus warming temperatures can lead to hypoxic conditions.

Explicación

Pregunta 25 de 38

1

What legislation is in place across Europe in order to protect freshwater ecosystems?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

EU Freshwater Fisheries Directive
EU Shellfisheries Directive
EU Water Framework Directive

Explicación

Pregunta 26 de 38

1

What plant nutrient is most commonly the limiting nutrient in freshwater ecosystems?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Potassium

Explicación

Pregunta 27 de 38

1

What term describes the trophic status of a water body where phosphorus concentrations are in the range of 30-100 µg L-1?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Oligotrophic
Mesotrophic
Eutrophic

Explicación

Pregunta 28 de 38

1

Which of the following are potential sources of heavy metals in freshwater environments?

Selecciona una o más de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Oil spills
Combustion of fossil fuels
Metal works/industry
Mining/quarrying
Waste incineration
Sewage sludge disposal
Waste landfill sites
Military firing ranges

Explicación

Pregunta 29 de 38

1

Who is responsible for monitoring the water quality of freshwaters in Scotland?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Environment Agency
European Environment Agency
Scottish Environment Protection Agency

Explicación

Pregunta 30 de 38

1

What are the two main ways in which humans directly disturb the biological characteristics of freshwater ecosystems?

Selecciona una o más de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Introduction of non-native invasive species
Physical disturbance of the habitat
Chemical pollution of the habitat
Removal of native species through fishing and harvesting

Explicación

Pregunta 31 de 38

1

What is the name of this non-native (to the UK) invasive plant?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Hogweed
Himalayan balsam
Giant Hogweed

Explicación

Pregunta 32 de 38

1

Which of the following can be used to successfully control and eradicate populations of the plant identified in Q31?

Selecciona una o más de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Mechanical control (cutting/mowing) for 18 months, ensuring that no new seeds are produced during that period.
Chemical control (glycophosphate or 24D-amine), for 18 months, ensuring that no new seeds are produced during that period.
Biological control (grazing by non-specific livestock), for 18 months, ensuring that no new seeds are produced during that period.
Environmental control (maintenance of a dense grass sward on river banks), for 18 months, ensuring that no new seeds are produced during that period.

Explicación

Pregunta 33 de 38

1

What is the main mechanism through which Signal Crayfish (Pacifastacus lenisculus) has its deletory impact on the native white-clawed crayfish (Austropotamobius pallipes)?

Selecciona una o más de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Competition
Predation
Disease

Explicación

Pregunta 34 de 38

1

This species provides an example of how removal of native species can influence an ecosystem. What is the name of this fish?

Selecciona una o más de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

European lamprey
European eel

Explicación

Pregunta 35 de 38

1

Name the main sampling method used to sample benthic invertebrates under the EU Water Framework Directive?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Kick sample
Surber sampler
Grab sample

Explicación

Pregunta 36 de 38

1

Which of the following are common methods used to sample fish populations as part of EU Water Framework Directive assessments?

Selecciona una o más de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Seine netting
Electrofishing
Mark re-capture

Explicación

Pregunta 37 de 38

1

What is the name of the method used by the Environment Agency to survey the hydromorphological aspects of a river?

Selecciona una o más de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

River Ecosystem Survey
Riverine Environmental Impact Assessment
River Habitat Survey

Explicación

Pregunta 38 de 38

1

Which of the following environments are protected by the EU Water Framework Directive?

Selecciona una o más de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Freshwater surface waters (rivers, streams and lakes)
Freshwater groundwaters
Brackish estuaries
Marine waters out to one mile from the low water mark.

	Creado por g.s.bilotta hace más de 10 años

GY327 Freshwater Processes and Ecosystems_Revision Session

Pregunta 1 de 38

What salinity classified freshwater?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Explicación

Pregunta 2 de 38

What are the three dominant ions in freshwater?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Explicación

Pregunta 3 de 38

What percentage of Earth's water is defined as being freshwater?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Explicación

Pregunta 4 de 38

What term best describes ‘all the organisms in a given area as well as the abiotic factors with which they interact; a community and its’ physical environment’ ? Campbell and Reece, 2002)

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Explicación

Pregunta 5 de 38

Which of these sets of definitions distinguishes correctly between the terms phytoplankton and periphyton?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Explicación

Pregunta 6 de 38

The term ‘Lotic’ describes which of the following categories of water?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Explicación

Pregunta 7 de 38

What are the seven general challenges of living in freshwater environments?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Explicación

Pregunta 8 de 38

Suggest 4 reasons why oxygen availability is more variable in freshwater ecosystems than marine systems or the atmosphere?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Explicación

Pregunta 9 de 38

Freshwater ecosystems are geographically isolated and temporally impermanent. What effect does each of these characteristics have on the number of species present?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Explicación

Pregunta 10 de 38

What is anhydrobiosis and name an organism that can perform it?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Explicación

Pregunta 11 de 38

What are the two main differences between lakes and ponds?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Explicación

Pregunta 12 de 38

Distinguish between the terms plankton and benthos?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Explicación

Pregunta 13 de 38

The availability of light influences the distribution of plants and animals within a lake. What is the name given to the depth at which only 1 % of the incoming light remains (i.e the boundary between the photic and aphotic zone)?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Explicación

Pregunta 14 de 38

Who developed a conceptual model known as the ‘River Continuum Concept’ that describes the longitudinal changes in physical, chemical and biological composition along a river?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Explicación

Pregunta 15 de 38

What is meant by the term ‘allocthonous’?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Explicación

Pregunta 16 de 38

What term best describes ‘subsurface water that occurs beneath the watertable in soils and geologic formations that are fully saturated’? (Freeze and Cherry, 1979)

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Explicación

Pregunta 17 de 38

How do the temperature/thermal conditions differ in subsurface environments compare to terrestrial environments?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Explicación

Pregunta 18 de 38

There are two main groups of subsurface dwelling organisms (hypogeans). These are stygophiles and stygobites. Which group show specific adaptations to living in subsurface environments?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Explicación

Pregunta 19 de 38

Where on the R-K-A selection continuum might you expect stygobites to be positioned?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Explicación

Pregunta 20 de 38

What is an ephemeral waterbody?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

What term best describes ‘all the organisms in a given area as well as the abiotic factors with which they interact; a community and its’ physical environment’ ?
Campbell and Reece, 2002)

What term best describes ‘subsurface water that occurs beneath the watertable in soils and geologic formations that are fully saturated’?
(Freeze and Cherry, 1979)