Thyroid Gland

Give 2 functions of the thyroid gland.

What is the arterial supply to the thyroid gland?

Describe the histology of the thyroid gland.

What is the function of the parafollicular cells?

What stimulates the synthesis of thyroid hormones?

What is the first stage of synthesis of thyroid hormone?

How does iodide leave the cell at the apical surface?

What is the first reaction that iodine undergoes?

What happens to the intermediate compound?

What is this process called?

What can inhibit this process?

What is the last stage in the synthesis of TH?

How does TH become secreted?

How does TH travel in circulation?

Which is the active form of TH?

So what happens to the other form?

What controls the secretion of TH?

How does TSH stimulate production of TH?

How can TSH produce a diffuse goitre?

Where are TH receptors found, and which form of TH do they have higher affinity for?

How does binding of TH to the receptor cause any effect?

What are the effects of TH binding to the THR? (2)

What is the most common cause of primary hyperthyroidism?

What is the cause of this disease?

What would be the measured levels of TH and TSH in a person with Grave's disease?

What are the pathophysiological symptoms of Grave's disease? (5)

What are the physical signs of Grave's disease? (9)

How does Grave's cause ophthalmopathy?

What is secondary hyperthyroidism and how is it different to primary?

From investigations, how would you distinguish between primary and secondary hyperthyroidism?

What are 3 drug options for patients with hyperthyroidism?

What are the other 2 options for more severe cases?

What is Hashimoto's?

What causes it?

What are the characteristic levels of TH and TSH in a person with Hashimoto's?

What are the symptoms of Hashimoto's?

What is euthyroidism?

What is the difference between primary and secondary hypothyroidism, and how can they be distinguished on investigation?

What is the main treatment for hypothyroidism?

What are 3 types of thyroiditis?

Depending on the size of the goitre, what could 3 possible effects be?

If tumours or nodules are suspected in the thyroid, what can be done to test this?

What is thyroid storm?

What causes thyroid storm? (3)

What are the symptoms? (5)

What can stimulate a thyroid storm in patients with hyperthyroidism? (3)

How is thyroid storm diagnosed?

What is the treatment for thyroid storm?

What is myxoedema coma?

What are the symptoms of this? (8)

What can bring on myxoedema coma? (3)

What are the 3 main causes of myxoedema coma?

What will the levels of TH and TSH be?

What is the treatment for myxoedema coma?

What hormone helps to regulate calcium levels in the body?

Where is this secreted from?

When they detect low levels of Ca++, what is the response?

If parathyroid function is impaired, what can this lead to?

What are possible clinical features of this? (4)

What are possible drug treatments for hypercalcaemia?

When might you consider surgery for patients with hyperparathyroidism? (3)