Before learning about Piaget's theory, you understood the terms "assimilation" and "accommodation" as they are used in conversation. After learning about Piaget's theory, you understood these terms as processes of intellectual development. This new understanding is most specifically known as
organisation
assimilation
accommodation
epistemology
A most basic assumption of Piaget's theory is that children progress through developmental stages _________ .
in an invariant sequence
at specific ages
dependent upon their sociocultural experiences
as they acquire increasingly complex understandings of imitation
Developmental research has confirmed the basic sequence of development that Piaget proposed for the sensorimotor period, but some of the milestones are reached earlier than he proposed, including all of the following except
A-not-B errors
deferred imitation
primary circular reactions
object permanence
Which of the following competencies is acquired in Piaget's preoperational stage?
symbolic function
decentration
reversibility
transitivity
Piaget notes that children's cognitive competencies were often uneven, with children being unable to solve certain problems even though they could solve similar problems requiring the same mental operations. He referred to this phenomenon as
genetic epistemology
decentration of operations
mental seriation
horizontal decalage
Tamara is beginning to use hypothetico-deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning in her thinking. She is becoming quite idealistic in her thinking about world politics and even her parents' behaviour. In addition, she imagines that other people are as interested in her thoughts and behaviours as she is. Tamara is most likely in the _________ stage of development.
sensorimotor
preoperational
concrete-operational
formal-operational
Developmental psychologists critisise Piaget's cognitive developmental theory for all of the following reasons except
the assumption that development occurs in stages
failing to adequately describe different stages of cognitive development
failing to specify how children progress from one stage of development to the next
understanding social and cultural influences on cognitive development
Vygotsky proposed that we should evaluate development from the perspective of four interrelated levels in interaction with children's environments. These four levels include all of the following except
microgenetic
ontogenetic
phylogenetic
sociogenetic
Text messaging to communicate using cell phones is so common in today's generation of teenagers and young adults that it has become what Vygotsky would call a
zone of proximal development
tool of intellectual adaptation
scaffold
guide of participation
________ argued that children's self-talk was a form of egocentric speech. ________ argued that children's self-talk was a cognitive self-guidance system that regulates problem-solving activities.
Piaget; Vygotsky
Piaget; Piaget
Vygotsky; Piaget
Vygotsky; Vygotsky
Which of the following emotions is not present at birth?
interest
disgust
contentment
embarrassment
Children must achieve the cognitive abilities of self-recognition and self-evaluation in order to experience which of the following emotions?
Each culture has _______ that specify for children of each gender the appropriate intensity of emotion and the appropriate valence (positive or negative) of emotion that is acceptable in that culture.
emotional regulation rules
emotional display rules
social referencing rules
socialisation rules
A person's tendency to respond in predictable ways to environmental events is known as
emotional regulation
emotional display
temperament
socialisation
When there is a poor goodness-of-fit between parenting behaviours and temperamental attributes, ________ children may experience adjustment problems.
slow-to-warm-up
easy
behaviourally inhibited
sociable
After the _________, infants use their attachment object as a secure base for exploration.
asocial phase of attachments
phase of indiscriminate attachments
phase of specific attachments
phase of multiple attachments
Which theory of attachment is currently considered the predominately accepted theory by developmental psychologists?
psychoanalytic
learning
cognitive developmental
ethological
Which developmental milestone is generally thought to be necessary before an infant will display separation anxiety?
entering the asocial phase of attachments
using the attachment figure as a secure base for exploration
achieving object permanence
experiencing embarrassment or shame
Jamal is a 1-year-old toddler who is being tested in a university laboratory. He is guided through a series of episodes during which his mother and a stranger come and go from the room in which he is playing. Jamal is most likely being tested using the
Strange Situation Test
Attachment Q-set Test
Attachment Classification Test
Secure Attachment Test
Infants may form ________ of themselves and of others, which are somewhat stable over time and influence their reactions to people and challenges for years to come.
attachment classifications
temperamental classifications
Q-set models
internal working models
A psychologist studies ________. She is interested in how children learn the meanings of bound morphemes, free morphemes, and sentences.
phonology
morphology
semantics
syntax
Tamina is preoccupied with pointing at things and asking what they are. She is a toddler who experiences
the naming explosion
prelinguistic vocables
an overactive language acquisition device (LAD)
metalinguistic awareness
Which of the following is a disadvantage of the longitudinal research design?
It does not evaluate individual differences in development.
It is subject to the cross-generational problem.
It violates the scientific method.
It may cause developmental delays and trauma to the participants
Which of the following is a disadvantage of the cross-sectional research design?
It is subject to the cross-gender problem.
It may cause developmental changes that would not occur naturally and which may not be long-lasting.
Match with the correct answer.
A severe form of depression suffered by about 10% of new mothers leaves these women feeling like they don't want their babies, perceiving their babies to be "difficult", and not interacting with their babies. These feelings can last for months. This form of depression is known as
maternity depression
maternity blues
postpartum depression
post-birth depression
Oxygen deprivation at birth is called
breech delivery
anoxia
oxygen depletion
umbilical cord abnormality
________ are external agents such as viruses, drugs, chemicals, and radiation that can harm a developing embryo or fetus.
Fetal programs
PCBs
Teratogens
Toxoplasmoses
A period during which an organism is quite susceptible to certain environmental influences is known as ________ . Outside this period, the same environmental influences must be much stronger to produce comparable effects.
sensitive period
teratogen period
differentiation period
danger period
The most critical period in prenatal development for potential damage to the developing organism from teratogens is the period of the
blastocyst
zygote
fetus
embryo
According to Piaget, accommodation refers to
the modification or distortion of new information in order to incorporate it into current schemes
the fact that every structure has its genesis in previous structures
the tendency to integrate structures into higher-order systems of structures
the changing of a current scheme in order to incorporate new information
According to Piaget, cognitive equilibration refer to the
tendency to integrate structures into higher-order systems or structures
individual seeking to stabilise his or her cognitive structures
tendency to modify structures in order to incorporate new information into existing structures
fact that every structure has its genesis (i.e., its origins) in earlier structures
Match the concepts with their definitions after Piaget.
The first major period in Piaget's stage theory is the sensorimotor stage, which lasts from birth to approximately 2 years of age. Accordingly to Piaget, children at this stage
are not able to comprehend the world yet, and must rely on others to do their thinking for them
are able to think logically and comprehend their environment
are of little interest to experimental psychologists because they are unable to verbalise fluently
are able to comprehend the world around them through their actions on it
According to Piaget, imitation is the purest example of
the coordination of both assimilation and coordination
abstract representation
Six-month-old Pedro is playing with his stuffed toy rabbit in his crib. He sets the rabbit down, and as he moves to reach his bottle, his blanket covers this toy. Pedro then turns to reach for his rabbit, but seeing only a bump in his blanket, he cries. According to Piaget, Pedro’s actions in this situation reflect a lack of
Piaget's concept of object permanence refers to the
knowledge that objects have an existence in space and time independent of one's perceptions of and action on them
knowledge that an inanimate object (e.g., a ball) will remain in a given location when put there, although an animate object (e.g., a rabbit) may not
tendency for semantic knowledge of objects to remain permanently in long-term memory
ability to memorise the spatial location of permanent objects in the environment
Match the following concepts with their definitions.
Glen's mother has dark hair and is short; Glen thinks that all mothers have dark hair and are short. This is an example of
conservation
disequilibrium
egocentrism
The preoperational child is charaterised by
introspective and abstract thinking
logical, concrete, and nonabstract thinking
symbolic, intuitive thinking
symbolic, intuitive, and egocentric thinking
A 5-year-old child suggests that John, who is 6 feet tall, must be older than his Aunt Mary, who is only 5 feet tall. This approach of interpreting age based solely on the height of an individual can be attributed to this child’s
seeing events as specific states and ignoring transformations
egocentricity
inability to deal with a superordinate and subordinate concept simultaneously
perceptual centration
Vygotsky discussed four perspectives of development that should be considered in any theory of intellectual development. Which one of the following is not one of the perspectives proposed by Vygotsky?
microgenetic development
phylogenetic development
sociocultural development
prenatal development
Five-year-old Erin sits on the floor with her mother as they play a board game. Erin rolls a 2 and a 3 on the dice. She picks up her game piece, a small toy dog, moving it along the board as she says, “I move my doggie one, two . . . then I move my doggie one, two, three.” Erin’s behaviour reflects
Piaget’s perspective, that private speech reflects the child’s egocentricity of thought and represents the child’s unsuccessful attempt at social speech
Piaget’s perspective, that private speech is a necessary precursor to social speech in that it serves as preparation (practice) for successful social communication
Vygotsky’s perspective, that private speech serves as a cognitive self-guidance system for young children
both Piaget’s and Vygotsky’s perspectives, that private speech is presymbolic and serves only to initiate or inhibit overt motor actions and has no influence on cognition
A researcher reports that boys show more physical aggression than girls in free play. She is able to demonstrate consistency of results across time, situations, and observers. Therefore, her findings are:
reliable
valid
proven
all of the above
A researcher uses looking preferences to assess categorisation abilities of babies who cannot yet speak. She is able to demonstrate that the measure she uses accurately reflects the variables that are under study. Therefore, her findings are:
A researcher measures children’s language development by administering questionnaires to parents. Possible problems?
Parental questionnaires are never valid
Parental answers are seldom reliable
Parental answers are not suitable for assessment of children's verbal behaviour.
May be inferior to measuring the behaviour directly
All of the above
A researcher measures children’s cognitive development by asking questions about a hypothetical situation. Possible problems?
Children may know something but be unable to explain it.
Different children may get different prompts, depending on their previous answers.
Experimenter may be biased in interpreting the answers.
May be interior to measuring the behaviour directly.
All of the above.
A researcher measures play behaviour of a few children over a long period of time, in daily structured play sessions. Possible problems?
Children will get bored with this and underperform.
Results will be insufficient to draw valid conclusions.
Results may not generalise to other children.
Say that we found that watching a lot of violence on TV is correlated with disruptive behaviours in children. What conclusions can be drawn from this?
TV violence may cause disruptive behaviour
Parents of disruptive children allow them to watch more TV programmes.
All of the above could be true.
None of the above.
A researcher reported that 3-year-old children have longer attention span than 2-year-old children, as they remembered more pictures shown in a test. She used a cross-sectional design, and tested 25 children in each group.
Data are not valid or reliable.
Data are not generalisible
Data cannot tell us about the development of individual children.
Recommended for women in general: up to 14-21 units / week, so up to 2-3 units per day is OK. How much is it safe to drink in pregnancy?
No drinking at all
One unit per day
Two units per day
Three units per day
Birth experience for babies is...
Not very stressful at all
Quite stressful
Very stressful
Torturous
For parents, especially the mother, is there a sensitive period for emotional bonding in first 6-12 hours after birth?
Yes - this is crucial for the full acceptance of a new baby.
No, there is no such thing as a sensitive period.
It may be helpful but it is not necessary.
It may be helpful not to see the baby immediately, until mother is properly rested and hormones return to normal.
You show preschool children Manyard the Cat. Then, in front of them, you place a dog mask on the cat’s face. You ask the children, does he bark or meow? They will say
meow
bark
can do either as he chooses
neither
Genetic epistemology, Piaget's academic specialty, could be defined as the study of the:
child's social relations with others such as peers.
inheritance of developmental disability.
inheritance of behavioural habits.
development of knowledge.
In Piaget's theory, balance between the child's thoughts and the environment is called:
Secondary circular reaction.
Phylogenetic scaffolding.
Early constructivism.
Cognitive equilibrium.
Object permanence refers to the understanding that:
durable todays are preferred over those that break soon.
existence continues even when something is out of sight.
inanimate objects have the ability to "hide" actively.
lost objects will always be located later.
Three-year-old Bethan gets scared when her mum dresses up in a dinosaur costume on Halloween. This child shows:
a phylogenetic development.
assimilation and accommodation.
lack of object (person) permanence.
misunderstanding of the appearance/reality distinction.
Suppose we asked children to make drawings of all the life forms that might occur on another planet. According to Piaget, the novelest, creative ideas of life forms are likely to come from children at the:
sensorimotor stage of cognitive development.
preoperational stage of cognitive development.
concrete-operational stage of development.
formal-operational stage of development.
Roxanne is 4 ½ years old. She often talks out loud even when other people are not listening. This habit is:
unusual for boys but common for girls.
unusual for girls but common for boys.
fairly common in all children of her age but of no significance for her cognitive development.
fairly common in all children her age and helpful to her cognitive development.
Which statement is LEAST applicable to Vygotsky's theory?
Cooperative interactions with skilled tutors are helpful.
Variations in cultural influences are acknowledged.
Developmental universals are sought and identified.
Scaffolding assists the child with difficult tasks.
In the mirror self-recognition test, the parent covertly places a red spot on 1-year-old Gareth’s face. The child is then presented with a mirror. What is he most likely to do?
Deliberately ignore the red spot.
Stare at the red spot.
Touch their nose / wipe the red spot.
Interact with the mirror (kissing or touching it)
When do children start learning their native language?
about 12 months old
about 6 months old
soon after birth
before they are born
Some language developmental researchers claim that 8-month old infants can out-perform older children on certain language tasks. Why?
They are attention-, funds- and fame-seeking scientists
They are simply mistaken - other researchers disagree
There are large individual differences in development, some infants can be so advanced that they outperform average pre-schoolers
This is actually true for all children in some aspects of comprehension.
Which type of parenting produces the happiest, best-adjusted children?
Authoritative (high demandingness/control and high acceptance/responsiveness)
Authoritarian (high demandingness/control and low acceptance/responsiveness)
Permissive (low demandingness/control and high acceptance/responsiveness)
Uninvolved (low demandingness/control) and low acceptance/responsiveness)
Jo has bad temper which often leads to crying and shouting. Jo’s mum tries to avoid public embarrassment by giving in to Jo’s demands when they are out. This makes it more likely that this situation will happen again. This fits with a
Parent effects model.
Child effects model.
Transactional model.
Universal model.
Girls are more likely than boys to show which kind of aggression?
Hostile.
Instrumental.
Relational.
Bullying.
A strong advantage of the longitudinal design is
That informed consent is not necessary.
Its ability to discern amongst cohorts.
That it follows development of individuals.
That it protects from selective attrition.
Which of these is NOT among the five measurements that make up the APGAR test for neonates?
Muscle tone.
Heart rate.
Reflex irritability.
Attention span.
In recent decades, the age of viability has advanced earlier in the period of the fetus because of
The increasing rate of single parenthood.
The perfusion of toxic chemicals in food and water.
Better maternal nutrition.
Advances in medical technology.
Reasoning by verbal analogy: MATERNITY BLUES are to POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION as __________ is to __________.
PRIMATE / HUMAN
POSITIVE / NEGATIVE
FATHER / MOTHER
MILD / INTENSE
When adults interpret emotions displayed by babies in their first months of life, they
Are unreliable and inaccurate.
Do better with negative emotions than with positive.
Do better with positive emotions than with negative.
Are highly accurate regardless of the type of emotions.
"Social referencing" refers to the child's ability to
Categorise people or animals as good or bad.
Use the reactions of others to interpret an ambiguous stimulus or situation.
Hide one's own true inner feelings.
Understand that others' feelings differ from your own.
Which of these is NOT among the several methods for studying infants’ sensation / perception?
Habituation / dishabituation.
High-amplitude sucking.
Deferred imitation.
Evoked potentials.
Sandra’s mum has no time to look into a mirror. Which flaws is 6-month-old Sandra LEAST likely to notice?
Very smudged eye shadow.
A big bruise on mum's nose.
A piece of pasta hanging off mum's chin.
A crow's nest in mum's hair.
As little Benny masters object permanence, which behaviour represents the most advanced understanding?
Passively waiting for an object to reappear.
Anticipating invisible displacements.
Making an A-not-B error.
Looking at another toy as the first one disappears from view.
Ceri’s dad is upset and cries. Ceri gives her teddy to dad to hold, and tells dad he will feel better if he hugs that teddy. According to Piaget, Ceri is showing
Egocentrism.
Decentered emotionality.
Sympathetic empathic concern.
Animism.
Reasoning by verbal analogy, Piaget’s view is to Vygotsky’s view as is to
Egocentrism / other's viewpoint.
Adolescence / childhood.
Flexibility / rigidity.
Solitary / social.
For Vygotsky, private speech is
Meaningless babbling.
Entirely silent and cannot be heard by others.
Passive reporting on thoughts after they have happened.
Self-talk that helps children to plan their thoughts.
A basic definition of imitation is
Doing an action after seeing it done.
Repeating an action after getting reinforcement.
Varying a response to achieve reinforcement.
Repeating an action.
Generalised imitation, a higher-order skill investigated by researchers in Bangor and other behaviour analysts, denotes an
Ability to copy actions.
Ability to copy a variety of actions.
Ability to copy a variety of novel actions.
Ability to copy a variety of novel actions without external reinforcement.
A toddler is able to name many objects and events. He hears a familiar word /cat/. This makes him
Look to find a cat.
Try to pet the cat.
Do neither 1 or 2 but may echo the word 'cat'.
Do both 1 and 2 - and he may echo the word 'cat'.
The set of emotions that are closely tied to cognitive development, particularly self-recognition and an understanding of social norms is
Interest, distress, disgust, and contentment.
Anger, surprise, fear, and sadness.
Embarrassment, shame, guilt, and pride.
Joy, happiness, frustration, and boredom.
Belinda is 8 months old. She turns away and starts crying when a stranger approaches her pram in the supermarket. This reaction would
Be unusual in a child at that age.
Be evidence that Belinda was insecurely attached.
Be considered a typical response to a stranger for a child of that age (but not necessarily a universal response).
Simply indicate that Belinda is tired or hungry.
Emotional attachments between parent and child
Are the result of cultural effects of parenting in the Western countries.
Slowly rise from social interactions in the first months.
Emerge suddenly at birth, to the strongest level.
Result from both persons' shared genetic relationship.
Mary Ainsworth's (1978) "Strange Situation”
Identifies the child's level of visual imagination.
Provides training for the transition into foster care.
Measures the child's interest in novel unfamiliar items.
Assesses the child's attachment style.
The two common fears of infancy, separation anxiety and stranger anxiety, reflect the baby's preference for
Easy temperament.
Familiarity.
Social referencing.
Learned helplessness.
Training to improve the sensitivity of parents to their child’s needs
Is doomed to fail because caregiving is genetically predetermined.
Works and promotes secure attachment.
Is directed mainly to upper parents.
Yields temporary gains that are lost within weeks.
Sam, age five, turns away from the TV that shows a report of an earthquake, where people are hurt. Sam is likely to be feeling
Self-oriented distress.
Sympathetic empathetic arousal.
A hostile attribution bias.
Finnish school-based KiVa programme does NOT contain
An online game training emotion recognition.
Classroom activities that teach children to be helpful bystanders.
Psychological counselling to make bullied children less vulnerable.
Parental educational materials.
Bangor-made Food Dudes programmes are effective interventions that increase consumption of fruit and veg. They are usually delivered by
Parents.
Researchers.
Children.
Teachers.
Which of these is NOT among Piaget's four cognitive developmental stages?
Formal operations stage.
Preoperational stage.
Proximal zone stage.
Sensorimotor stage.
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