Earth System Science 80 Part 1 (Lectures 1- 15)

Pregunta 1 de 102

1

Which of the following is not a subcomponent of the Earth system

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Cryosphere
Atmosphere
Hydrosphere
Geosphere
Biosphere
Lithosphere
Asthenosphere

Explicación

Pregunta 2 de 102

1

An open system has an exchange of ...

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Nothing
Energy
Energy and matter

Explicación

Pregunta 3 de 102

1

Which one of the following is not a characteristic of Systems?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Can be found on different scales
Have limits
Are associated with processes
Energy cant be created or destroyed, and transfer is never 100%

Explicación

Pregunta 4 de 102

1

What term describes 'where similar states of the system can be achieved in different ways'

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Dynamic equilibrium
Quasi equilibrium
Equifinality
Feedback
Relaxation time
Threshold

Explicación

Pregunta 5 de 102

1

What term describes 'where a system is regulated by intensifying (positive) or opposing (negative) the direction of the system'

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Dynamic equilibrium
Quasi equilibrium
Equifinality
Feedback
Relaxation time
Threshold

Explicación

Pregunta 6 de 102

1

Which of the following is the definition for 'relaxation time'?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

The time taken to reach equilibrium during the change form one equilibrium state to another
The transition from one state to the system to another

Explicación

Pregunta 7 de 102

1

What minerals are dominant components of most rocks (Felsic- e.g. Quartz, Mafic- iron and magnesium rich- heavier and darker)?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Graphine
Graphite
Silicone
Silicates

Explicación

Pregunta 8 de 102

1

Silicate rocks make up what percentage of all rocks world wide?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

70%
80%
90%
100%

Explicación

Pregunta 9 de 102

1

Extrusive igneous rocks cool slowly and form a large crystalline structure

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

False
True

Explicación

Pregunta 10 de 102

1

Contact metamorphism (as opposed to regional and dynamic metamorphism) occurs in the presence of what?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Extreme heat from magma
Extreme pressure from tectonic plates
Both heat (magma) and pressure (tectonic plates)

Explicación

Pregunta 11 de 102

1

Which rock type is formed by geomorphological processes on the earths surface (including: rivers, coasts, deep seas, lakes, mountain sides and deserts)?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Sedimentary (clastic and chemical)
Igneous (intrusive and extrusive)
Metamorphic (contact, regional and dynamic)

Explicación

Pregunta 12 de 102

1

Is this picture correct?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Yes
No

Explicación

Pregunta 13 de 102

1

Which of the following is not a method by which we measure geological time?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Absolute (radiometric) dating
Relative age dating
Analysis of ice cores

Explicación

Pregunta 14 de 102

1

Which of the following is not a principle of relative age dating?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Super-positioning
Horizontality
Crosscutting
Inclusion
Faunal succession
Geological lapping

Explicación

Pregunta 15 de 102

1

How long ago was the Earth formed?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

4.1 Ga
4.2 Ga
4.3 Ga
4.4 Ga
4.5 Ga

Explicación

Pregunta 16 de 102

1

How do we know the internal structure of the Earth (lithosphere, upper and lower mantle, outer and inner core)?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Direct sampling
Indirect sampling
Seismic methods
All of the above

Explicación

Pregunta 17 de 102

1

Which seismic wave is transverse and travels slower (and also has 103-180 degree shadow when used to identify the layers of the earth because it cannot travel through the solid core)

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

S-waves
P-waves

Explicación

Pregunta 18 de 102

1

The lithosphere is comprised of the continental/oceanic crust, moho and upper mantle

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

True
Flase

Explicación

Pregunta 19 de 102

1

The mantle is comprised of the lithospheric mantle and asthenosphere

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

True
False

Explicación

Pregunta 20 de 102

1

Travel times from seismic waves help to tell us about the internal structure of the earth (changes in wave velocity reflect the rheology and composition of the crust, mantle and core)

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

True
Flase

Explicación

Pregunta 21 de 102

1

The density and flow of material in the mantle and core is uniform

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

False
True

Explicación

Pregunta 22 de 102

1

What crust is underlain by sharp Moho, comprised of young igneous rocks (max 180 Ma) and is a 5-7km thick layered structure

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Oceanic crust
Continental crust

Explicación

Pregunta 23 de 102

1

Side-to-side movements of plates along fault is known as what?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Right/left lateral faults
Dip slip faults
Stick slip faults (elastic rebound)

Explicación

Pregunta 24 de 102

1

The Richter magnitude scale of measuring earthquakes uses seismometers to measure the earthquake and then processes the figure and places it on a logarithmic scale

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

True
False

Explicación

Pregunta 25 de 102

1

Foreshocks, main shock and aftershocks can all be measured using a seismometer

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

True
False

Explicación

Pregunta 26 de 102

1

Earthquakes occur at which plate boundaries?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Conservative and constructive
Conservative and destructive
Constructive and destructive
Only conservative
At all plate boundaries

Explicación

Pregunta 27 de 102

1

What were the principles of Geosyncline Theory?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Deepening and filling of basins were caused by crustal contraction and the Earth's heat crushed and folded land forming mountain chains
Considered all continents drifted away from a single large landmass; ideas largely dismissed by scientific community until late 1950s

Explicación

Pregunta 28 de 102

1

Which of the following provides evidence for continental drift?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Continental fit
Geological fit
Tectonic fit
Palaeoclimatic evidence
Palaeontological evidence
All of the above

Explicación

Pregunta 29 de 102

1

Which of the following evidence for continental drift was not available to Alfred Lothar Wegener when he came up with his theorem that all the continents drifted away from a single large landmass?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Continental fit
Geological fit
Tectonic fit
Palaeoclimatic evidence
Palaeontological evidence
Paleaomagnetic evidence

Explicación

Pregunta 30 de 102

1

With regards to the theory that all the continents drifted away from a single land mass; the fact that plant and reptile species are similar in continents that are now separated by oceans suggests that these continents must have at some point been connected to allow for this movement, is classed under which of the following categories?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Palaeoclimatic evidence
Palaeontological evidence
Tectonic evidence

Explicación

Pregunta 31 de 102

1

What mechanism did Wegener suggest was responsible for the drifting of continents?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Continents moved through oceanic crust, like an icebreaker
Thermal convection currents in the mantle moved the continents
Magnetic field of the earth caused the (magnetic) continental crust to move

Explicación

Pregunta 32 de 102

1

Atoms in minerals and rocks align to the Earth's dipole, only when heat is present. Given this information, which of the following statements is false?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Thermoremnant magnetisation: when the high temperature of the material (magma) allows the atoms to align to the same magnetic direction as the Earth's dipole with ease
Detrital remnant magnetisation: when magma cools (igneous rock) its atoms might align to the same direction as the Earth's dipole, at that time because the temperature is suffice to allow for realignment
Chemical remnant magnetisation: during a chemical reaction, heat might be given out, and atoms can realign to the Earth's dipole at that time
The magnetic dipole of the Earth is fixed throughout time and atomic dipoles are only induced when there is sufficient heat

Explicación

Pregunta 33 de 102

1

Apparent polar wander paths are useful because...

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

They provide evidence for continental drift
Enables rocks in different areas to be correlated with each other
Can explain presence of rock types, that were formed in different climates, in the same area
All of the above

Explicación

Pregunta 34 de 102

1

The magnetic pole is fixed. Apparent polar wander paths uses the model of it 'wondering' to enable recordings of changes in declination of the land; thereby, all continents have their own apparent polar wondering path

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

True
False

Explicación

Pregunta 35 de 102

1

Sea floor spreading is a process thereby new oceanic crust forms at an oceanic ridge due to volcanic activity, and gradually moves away from the ridge. This theory from Harry Hammond Hess can help explain what?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

How the continents could actually move- mechanism
Enabled us to record the Earth's dipole through time because horizontal strips preserve the dipole of Earth over specific time period
Both of the above

Explicación

Pregunta 36 de 102

1

Who proposed mantel convection?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Holmes
Wilson
Wegener

Explicación

Pregunta 37 de 102

1

What is currently believed to be the main driver of plate movement?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Convection currents in the mantle
Ridge push and slab pull

Explicación

Pregunta 38 de 102

1

What did Tuzo-Wilson propose, in 1963, to explain how volcanic activity can occur away from plate boundaries (such as Hawaii)

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Hotspot and plume theory
Continental drift
Apparent polar wondering paths
Sea-floor spreading

Explicación

Pregunta 39 de 102

1

What creates island chains like Hawaii?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Extension that permits rise of partial melt from the asthenosphere
Mantle plumes that convectively bring unusually hot mantle from the core-mantle boundary
There is a debate over which one is true (perhaps both are factors)

Explicación

Pregunta 40 de 102

1

The magnetic field vector is parallel to the Earth's surface in equatorial regions and becomes progressively more steeply inclined towards the polar regions; therefore, if rocks preserve the orientation of magnetic field vector at the time of their formation, and can be dated, the latitude at which they formed can be inferred

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

True
False

Explicación

Pregunta 41 de 102

1

In hot magma, the dipoles change orientation rapidly, so magma can have permanent magnetisation

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

False
True

Explicación

Pregunta 42 de 102

1

Why do volcanoes erupt?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Due to magma buoyancy: the hot magma is less dense that the crustal rock and therefore is rises to the surface; heat source is from radioactive decay, mantle convection and residual from cooling of the earth
Gases (volatiles): come out of solution at shallow depths and decrease the density of magma allowing it to rise faster; bubble formation is called vesiculation. Bubbles can join up and become a stream of gas with blobs of magma in it- called fragmentation.
Gases (volatiles) can get trapped in the viscous magma, this speeds up flow towards the surface (increases pressure) and paid expansion at the vent causes an explosive eruption
Magma recharge is required to keep feeding a volcanic eruption/magma chamber
All of the answers in combination cause volcanoes to erupt

Explicación

Pregunta 43 de 102

1

Where are volcanoes found?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Subduction zones- shield thin [basalt] volcanoes (effusive)
Intra-plate hotspots
Destructive plate boundaries- composite thick felsic [rhyolite] volcanos (explosive)
At all of the above

Explicación

Pregunta 44 de 102

1

Which of the following definitions id incorrect?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Magmatic - related to magma or magmatic gases; classification dependent on explosivity and column height or type-behaviour
Hydrovolcanic - eruptions generated by heating of water external to magma
Phreatic - dry-land steam blast eruptions, no magma erupted
Phreatomagmatic - partially hydrovolcanic and partially phreatic

Explicación

Pregunta 45 de 102

1

The collapse of a lava dome (which is formed by viscous magma erupted effusively) can cause extremely dangerous pyroclastic flow

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

True
False

Explicación

Pregunta 46 de 102

1

Which of the following is not the particle name and size for materials present in pyroclastic flow?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Blocks/bombs| over 64mm
Lapilli | under 64 mm
Volcanic ash | under 2 mm
Volcanic dust | under 0.063 mm
Volcanic micro-cloud | under 0.000064 mm

Explicación

Pregunta 47 de 102

1

Which of the following is the definition of pyroclastic surge (and not pyroclastic flow)?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

A more energetic and dilute mixture of searing gas and rock fragments. Move easily up and over ridges; flows ten to follow valleys
High-speed avalanches of hot ash, rock fragments, and gas move down the sides of volcano during explosive eruptions or when the steep edge of a dome breaks apart and collapses. Can reach over 800 degrees and move at 100-150 mph

Explicación

Pregunta 48 de 102

1

Fill in the blank: Higher silicone dioxide content (thus viscosity and ability to trap gas) and contact with water '...' explosivity

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Increase
Decrease
Do not effect

Explicación

Pregunta 49 de 102

1

Traditional names from classic eruptions are used to describe other eruptions and volcano forms. The problem with this is...?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

They poorly define volcanoes and are subjective
It measures the height of eruption column and degree of explosivity

Explicación

Pregunta 50 de 102

1

Postglacial volcanism in Iceland is dominated by which type of rock (lava)

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Silicic
Intermediate
Basaltic

Explicación

Pregunta 51 de 102

1

Prediction of future volcanic activity is simple and unchallenging

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

False
True

Explicación

Pregunta 52 de 102

1

The Tibetan Plateau is an umbrella term for mountain chains including: Karakoram Mountains, Hindu Kush and Tien Shan | generally 4,000-5,000m

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

True
False

Explicación

Pregunta 53 de 102

1

How was the Tibetan Plateau formed?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

By continental collision (destructive plate boundary) when the Indian plate moved northwards into the Eurasian plate
By continental collision (on a transition plate boundary) when the Indian plate formed a dip fault with the Eurasian plate

Explicación

Pregunta 54 de 102

1

The Tibetan Plateau is 5% of the Earth's land area but produces what percentage of total river sediment load?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

10%
25%
40%
55%

Explicación

Pregunta 55 de 102

1

Which of the following are features of the Tibetan Plateau's geomorphology?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Land uplift and creation of relief- encouraged high chemical/physical weathering and river downcutting
Sediment fills of more than 3km thick gravels deposited in fault-controlled sedimentary basins
Drainage pattern of the Brahmaputra river - drainage was diverted by rising mountains
All of these

Explicación

Pregunta 56 de 102

1

The Tibetan Plateau casts a rain shadow on central Asia, as it's uplift acts as a topographic barrier preventing monsoons from reaching central Asia

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

True
False

Explicación

Pregunta 57 de 102

1

Winter monsoon winds blowing NW to SE transport fine sediment to central china (because summers are dry due to uplift of Tibetan Plateau) - resulting in depositions of 'loess'

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

True
False

Explicación

Pregunta 58 de 102

1

What is 'loess'

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Wind blown silt deposits, yellow to grey in colour, grains are angular, sediment comprises of: quartz, feldspar, mica and clay minerals bound together with a calcareous cement
Region immediately south east of the Tibetan Plateau

Explicación

Pregunta 59 de 102

1

How are silt-sized particles produced (in Loess)?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Mechanical weathering of metamorphic rocks
Chemical weathering of metamorphic rocks
Glacial grinding
Frost action
Fluvial erosion
All of the above

Explicación

Pregunta 60 de 102

1

Loess covers what percentage of the Earth's land surface (mainly in periglacial areas, continental interiors, associated with major rivers and mountain ranges)?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

0-5%
5-10%
10-15%

Explicación

Pregunta 61 de 102

1

Which one of the following is correct with regards to Loess records?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Strong winter monsoon = coarser sediments, higher sedimentation rates
Strong winter monsoon = finer sediments, lower sedimentation rates
Loess sequences contain buried soils (palaeosols), these sequences can't be dated and are, therefore, not used in geomagnetic polarity

Explicación

Pregunta 62 de 102

1

What term is used to illustrate the significance of the Tibetan Plateau- because it is the source of 10 major river systems that provide irrigation, power and drinking water for over 1.3 billion people in Asia?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

The third pole
The major source
Asia's north pole
Danny Driver

Explicación

Pregunta 63 de 102

1

The Tibetan Plateau has shown now effects of climate change

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

False
True

Explicación

Pregunta 64 de 102

1

Which of the following is the definition of weathering (the other is the definition of erosion)?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Processes of the breakdown of rocks and minerals in situ (in place)
Process of breakdown of rocks and minerals and the transport of the products

Explicación

Pregunta 65 de 102

1

Which of the following are internal forces acting on a rock?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Heating, cooling, chemical reactions, circulation of air/water (weathering)
Loading and interaction with the outside environment (erosion)

Explicación

Pregunta 66 de 102

1

Which one of the following the definition of 'stress' with regards to weathering (the other is strength)

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Forces that act to pull a rock apart- tensile (cracking), compressive (squashing), shear (sliding) plus gravity
Forces that act to keep a rock together- atomic, chemical, cohesion and friction

Explicación

Pregunta 67 de 102

1

What is physical weathering?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Where rocks break down into smaller compenents by mechanical processes (e.g. pressure, temperature, ice salt crystal growth; frost shattering, granular disintegration, exfoliation)
Break down of chemical bonds holding rocks together, or a process that causes changes in the composition of minerals within rocks (solution, hydrolysis, oxidation and reduction, carbonation plus biological processes- enhance chemical weathering by production of organic acids

Explicación

Pregunta 68 de 102

1

Physical weathering is more likely to occur at lower temperatures and lower precipitation rates

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

True
False

Explicación

Pregunta 69 de 102

1

Limestone is chemically weathered via carbonation and this dissolution can create distinctive karstic topographies and river drainage patterns

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

True
Flase

Explicación

Pregunta 70 de 102

1

Mechanics of airflow are similar to water-flow, but different fluid densities (viscosity)

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

True
False

Explicación

Pregunta 71 de 102

1

Which of the following is true for the comparison between air and water?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

For a given sediment grain size, air needs to be travelling more quickly than water in order to facilitate transport
Air is more efficient at sediment sorting than water
Airflow is affected by air temperature (cold air is able to carry sediment more easily than warm air because it is more dense)
All of the above

Explicación

Pregunta 72 de 102

1

Which of the following is true for a high pressure system in deserts?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Descending air, low precipitation, low vegetation and high chemical/mechanical weathering
Ascending air, low precipitation, low vegetation and low chemical/mechanical weathering

Explicación

Pregunta 73 de 102

1

Loess deposits in... (i.e. not dust transport)

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Cold deserts
Hot deserts

Explicación

Pregunta 74 de 102

1

What is deflation (the other is threshold velocity)?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

General term describing all the processes by which sediment is moved by wind
Minimum wind speed needed to move a sediment grain of a certain size

Explicación

Pregunta 75 de 102

1

Which of the following is impact threshold (the other is fluid threshold)?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

The minimum wind speed needed to move a particular grain that is already in motion
The minimum wind speed needed to move a particular grain that is stationary

Explicación

Pregunta 76 de 102

1

Which of the following does not influence sediment transport in air?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Wind speed
Wind direction
Sediment availability
Vegetation cover
Temperature
Carbon dioxide concentrations

Explicación

Pregunta 77 de 102

1

What is an erosional landform (examples include: lag gravels, ventifacts, yardangs, deflation hollows)?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Where capacity for transport is lower than sediment supply
Where capacity for transport is higher than supply

Explicación

Pregunta 78 de 102

1

Wind erosion causes an accumulation of large pebbles in deposit site, creating a desert pavement

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

True
False

Explicación

Pregunta 79 de 102

1

Which of the following statements is not true?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Sand dune size increases in this order: ripples, dunes, mega-dunes, sand seas)
Dunes may be superimposed on one another
Dunes are always fixed (stable) and never free (unstable)
Dunes can be active at the present time or relict (inactive)
Presence or size of dunes can indicate climate changes

Explicación

Pregunta 80 de 102

1

What type of sand dune is this and under what conditions does it form?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Barchan dune (flat landscape, one direction wind, little or no vegetation, limited sand supply
Longitudinal dune (when barchan dunes join together and form ridges perpendicular to the wind direction; sand supply is abundant)
Star dunes (controls include wind strength, vegetation cover and sediment supply- this controls all dunes)
Parabolic dune (strong winds erode section of vegetated sand a.k.a. blowout- vegetation hold the 'arms' of the dunes in place as the leeward 'nose' of the dune migrates forward)

Explicación

Pregunta 81 de 102

1

Desert varnish is dark coating on rocks found in arid regions, dominantly composed of fine-grained clay minerals)

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

True
False

Explicación

Pregunta 82 de 102

1

What evidence is there that wind activity occurs/occurred on Mars?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Sand dunes all over the place
Strong winds
Sand dunes present
Loose sediment located on lee-sides of boulders
Presence of ventifacts
All of the above

Explicación

Pregunta 83 de 102

1

Sand dunes have been found on Titan (Saturn 's moon), this provides evidence for what?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

There is or has been air flow
There is presence of water

Explicación

Pregunta 84 de 102

1

What is the difference between desertification and drought/aridification?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Desertification is a long-term process, whereas drought/aridification is short term
Desertification is directly related to human activity (e.g. overgrazing, over-cultivation, deforestation, salinisation)
Desertification does no affect semiarid areas, whereas drought/aridification are important processes that affect semi-arid areas

Explicación

Pregunta 85 de 102

1

Soil is a mixture of weathered mineral grains and organic matter

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

True
False

Explicación

Pregunta 86 de 102

1

What are colloids (ref. soil)?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Aggregates of fine particles
Small weathered rock fragments
Organic matter in soil
Soil water which helps translocation of chemical constituents and fine particles through the soil

Explicación

Pregunta 87 de 102

1

What soil percentage composition is correct?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Air 45%, water 25%, mineral particles 25%, organic matter 5%
Organic matter 45%, water 25%, mineral particles 25%, air 5%
Mineral particles 45%, water 25%, air 25%, organic matter 5%

Explicación

Pregunta 88 de 102

1

Which form of soil water is available to plants?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Hydroscopic water (held atomically to mineral grains)
Capillary water (free water that can move in any direction)
Gravitational water (moves only downwards under gravity)
All of the above

Explicación

Pregunta 89 de 102

1

Which of the following is how we categorise soils?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Texture, structure, chemistry and colour
Texture, smell, grain size and colour
Absorption ability, atomic structure, chemical composition, colour

Explicación

Pregunta 90 de 102

1

Which one of the following is incorrect in terms of the chemical process that occurs at each level of soil?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Horizon- zone of plant/organic life
Organic horizon- zone of decomposition of non-organic matter
Topsoil- zone of leaching/eluviation
Subsoil- zone of accumulation illuviation
Regolith- zone of parent material

Explicación

Pregunta 91 de 102

1

What chemical process occurs in topsoil?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Leaching: where anions, formed from the breakdown of humans, attach to clay particles, and are then replaced by H+ ions; which are washed through soil and redeposited in the subsoil
Eluviation: translocation of fine particles downwards in the soil profile in regolith zone
The rate of H+ translocation down soil is a measure of the organic matter, and therefore potential fertility, there is in the soil (cation exchange capacity)

Explicación

Pregunta 92 de 102

1

What quantifying measuring system is used to determine soil colour?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Mundane dips
Mushy chips
Munsell dips
Munsell chips

Explicación

Pregunta 93 de 102

1

Which of the following is not a control on soil formation?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Climate- weathering, ecosystems and vegetation type
Wind speed and direction
Parent material
Topography (and slope)
Soil organisms
Time

Explicación

Pregunta 94 de 102

1

Choose the soil type that not correct and has a bogus definition

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Podzols (acidic, strongly leached, low in nutrients= boreal- white/grey horizon)
Laterites (humid sub/tropics, high chemical weathering and leaching, low organic matter, high eluviation, deep soil, deep red in colour)
Gleys (waterlogged soils, high clay content, blue/grey in colour)
Calcified (arid areas, gentle leaching and eluviation, light soil colour)
Salinised (salt accumulation, upwards translocation)
Conservation (shallow/contour ploughing, high vegetation cover, mulching, fallowing, intercropping)

Explicación

Pregunta 95 de 102

1

Which of the following are erosivity factors and not erodibility factors

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Rainfall and run-off factors
Soil properties, vegetation type, topography and land-use practices

Explicación

Pregunta 96 de 102

1

Selecciona la opción correcta de los menús desplegables para completar el texto.

Soil erosion processes and conservation methods should minimise ( translocation, eluviation, leaching ) and maintain a ( surface vegetation cover, parent material, contour ploughing )

Explicación

Pregunta 97 de 102

1

Mass movement is related to slope stability. Stability is determined by the interplay between material strength on a given slope, and gravity. What else determines slope stability?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Slope angle
Weathering and climate
Water content
Vegetation cover
Overloading
All of the above

Explicación

Pregunta 98 de 102

1

Fill in the blank: Shear strength of a slope is determined by '...' this gives the angle of repose (of loose debris)

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

The material strength and cohesion of the sediment on the slope
The internal friction of the slope
Both of the above could be used

Explicación

Pregunta 99 de 102

1

Mass movement takes place when gravity is weaker than resistance of the slope to failure

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

False
True

Explicación

Pregunta 100 de 102

1

Which of the following id the definition of mass movement via flows?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Mixtures of particles of different sizes, plus water/ice that cohesively move down a slope; rate determined by viscosity e.g. sandrun
Movement of intact blocks along planes of weakness e.g. avalanche slide
Individual detached blocks e.g. rubble fall
Generally viscous material moving down slope in a creep process e.g. frost heave - periglacial

Explicación

Pregunta 101 de 102

1

Human activity can increase frequency of mass movement (e.g. building on steep slopes, changes in land use, land drainage, mine spoil heaps)

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

True
False

Explicación

Pregunta 102 de 102

1

Prevention of mass movements include drainage, cut and fill hill slopes ,rock bolts

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

True
False

	Creado por Monty Leaman hace casi 8 años

Test sobre Earth System Science 80 Part 1 (Lectures 1- 15), creado por Monty Leaman el 16/05/2017.

Earth System Science 80 Part 1 (Lectures 1- 15)

Pregunta 1 de 102

Which of the following is not a subcomponent of the Earth system

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Explicación

Pregunta 2 de 102

An open system has an exchange of ...

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Explicación

Pregunta 3 de 102

Which one of the following is not a characteristic of Systems?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Explicación

Pregunta 4 de 102

What term describes 'where similar states of the system can be achieved in different ways'

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Explicación

Pregunta 5 de 102

What term describes 'where a system is regulated by intensifying (positive) or opposing (negative) the direction of the system'

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Explicación

Pregunta 6 de 102

Which of the following is the definition for 'relaxation time'?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Explicación

Pregunta 7 de 102

What minerals are dominant components of most rocks (Felsic- e.g. Quartz, Mafic- iron and magnesium rich- heavier and darker)?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Explicación

Pregunta 8 de 102

Silicate rocks make up what percentage of all rocks world wide?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Explicación

Pregunta 9 de 102

Extrusive igneous rocks cool slowly and form a large crystalline structure

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Explicación

Pregunta 10 de 102

Contact metamorphism (as opposed to regional and dynamic metamorphism) occurs in the presence of what?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Explicación

Pregunta 11 de 102

Which rock type is formed by geomorphological processes on the earths surface (including: rivers, coasts, deep seas, lakes, mountain sides and deserts)?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Explicación

Pregunta 12 de 102

Is this picture correct?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Explicación

Pregunta 13 de 102

Which of the following is not a method by which we measure geological time?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Explicación

Pregunta 14 de 102

Which of the following is not a principle of relative age dating?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Explicación

Pregunta 15 de 102

How long ago was the Earth formed?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Explicación

Pregunta 16 de 102

How do we know the internal structure of the Earth (lithosphere, upper and lower mantle, outer and inner core)?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Explicación

Pregunta 17 de 102

Which seismic wave is transverse and travels slower (and also has 103-180 degree shadow when used to identify the layers of the earth because it cannot travel through the solid core)

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Explicación

Pregunta 18 de 102

The lithosphere is comprised of the continental/oceanic crust, moho and upper mantle

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Explicación

Pregunta 19 de 102

The mantle is comprised of the lithospheric mantle and asthenosphere

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Explicación

Pregunta 20 de 102

Travel times from seismic waves help to tell us about the internal structure of the earth (changes in wave velocity reflect the rheology and composition of the crust, mantle and core)