What are the Cardiac output variables?

Stroke Volume is affected by what? What is the mnemonic device to remember it?

What is affected by Contractility,
Afterload, and Preload?

High SV with:

High or Low Contractility (eg, anxiety, exercise)?

High SV with:

High or Low Preload (eg, early pregnancy)?

High SV with:

High or Low Afterload?

A failing heart has high or low SV?

Contractility increases with what?

Contractility (and SV) increase with:

Catecholamine stimulation via what receptor?

Contractility (and SV) increase with:

Stimulation of what via β1 receptor?

Contractility (and SV) increase with:

Increased or decreased intracellular Ca2+?

Contractility (and SV) increase with:

Increased or decreased extracellular Na+?

Contractility (and SV) decrease with what?

Does Contractility increase or decrease with the following?

β1-blockade (decreased cAMP)

Does Contractility increase or decrease with the following?

HF with systolic dysfunction

Does Contractility increase or decrease with the following?

Acidosis

Does Contractility increase or decrease with the following?

Hypoxia/hypercapnia

Does Contractility increase or decrease with the following?

Non-dihydropyridine Ca2+ channel blockers

Does Contractility increase or decrease with the following?

Catecholamine stimulation via β1 receptor

Does Contractility increase or decrease with the following?

Increased intracellular Ca2+

Does Contractility increase or decrease with the following?

Decreased extracellular Na+

Does Contractility increase or decrease with the following?

Digitalis

MyoCARDial O2 demand is increased by what?

Wall tension follows what law?

Laplace's Law

Wall tension = ?

Laplace's Law

pressure × radius = ?

Laplace's Law

(pressure × radius) /
(2 × wall thickness) = ?

Laplace's Law

Wall stress = ?

How is Preload approximated?

VEnous vasodilators (eg, nitroglycerin) do what to preload?

Preload approximated by ventricular EDV;
depends on what?

Afterload is approximated by what?

Increased afterload leads to what?

What compensates for increased afterload? How does it compensate?

What do Arterial vasodilators do to afterload?

What do ACE inhibitors and ARBs do to preload? To afterload?

What does chronic hypertension (increased MAP) lead to?

Ejection Fraction

EF = ?

Left ventricular EF is an index of what?

What happens to EF in systolic HF?

What happens to EF in HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF)?