BIOSCI101 Evolution - Lecture 7

Pregunta 1 de 13

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❌ is the discipline of naming and classifying (grouping) organisms.

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Taxonomy

Phylogeny

Explicación

Pregunta 2 de 13

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Linnaeus classified species into a hierarchy of increasingly broader categories i.e. families, orders, classes, phyla, kingdoms and domains.

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Explicación

Pregunta 3 de 13

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The placement of species into orders, classes and so on always reflects evolutionary history

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Explicación

Pregunta 4 de 13

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TAXONOMY AND SYSTEMATICS

These words have a similar history: over time these have been used as synonyms, as overlapping or as complementary terms.

In today's usage, ❌ deals with discovering, describing and naming organisms. ❌ deals with the phylogenetic relationships between taxa, especially at the higher levels.

Todays systematics is greatly influenced by DNA data from nuclear, mitochondrial and chloroplast genes – ❌ systematics.

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taxonomy

systematics

Systematics

Taxonomy

molecular

Explicación

Pregunta 5 de 13

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The evolutionary history of a group of organism can be represented in a branching diagram call a phylogenetic tree.

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Explicación

Pregunta 6 de 13

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Selecciona la opción correcta de los menús desplegables para completar el texto.

HOW TO INTERPRET A PHYLOGENETIC TREE

A phylogenetic tree represents a hypothesis about ( evolutionary, genetic, ecological ) relationships. Phylogenetic trees show the pattern of descent ( not, and ) phenotypic similarity. The sequencing of branching in a tree ( does not, does ) necessarily indicate the actual (( absolute, relative )) age of the particular taxon. Unless specific information about what the branch lengths in a phylogenetic tree means – we should interpret the diagram solely in terms of its pattern. It ( should not, should ) be assumed that a taxon on a phylogenetic tree evolved from the taxon next to it.

Explicación

Pregunta 7 de 13

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CHARACTERS AND CHARACTER STATES

Phylogenetic ❌ is based on the analysis of characters and changes in character states (presence / absence or ❌). ❌ can be m❌, b❌ or molecular and need to have a shared ancestry -
❌. A potential source of confusion when constructing a phylogenetic tree is similarity between organisms that is due to convergence – ❌. Shared ancestral (❌) characteristics are inherited with little / no change from an ancestors. Shared derived characters are those that have undergone ❌ change and may be found only in closely related species.

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reconstruction

modifications

Characters

orphological

ehavioural

homologous

analogy

primitive

recent

Explicación

Pregunta 8 de 13

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Sequences alignment is necessary to determine molecular homology. In organisms that have very different sequences and are not closely related, the bases that they share may simply be coincidental matches – molecular homoplasies.

Label these two scenarios accordingly.

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molecular homology

molecular analogy

Explicación

Pregunta 9 de 13

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Which one of the following statements about cladistics is FALSE?

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Cladistics is a methods for inferring phylogeny.
In cladistics, ancestry is the primary criterion used to classify (group) organisms.
Cladistics represents relationships as a series of branching events, that are determined by shared derived characters.
Cladistics includes overall similarities (ancestral characteristics).
A clade is a group which includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants.
Cladistics emphasises monophyletic classification, that is, every grouping should consist only of organisms descended from a common ancestor.

Explicación

Pregunta 10 de 13

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Label each of these three scenarios on a phylogenetic tree.

NOTE: paraphyletic does not include all descendants of the common ancestor; polyphyletic does not include the most recent common ancestor of its members.

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Monophyletic group clade

Paraphyletic group

Polyphyletic group

Explicación

Pregunta 11 de 13

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INFERRING PHYLOGENIES

❌ the characteristics of an organism arose at some particular point in time Therefore it should be possible to determine the ❌ in which each shared derived character first appeared. ❌ are unique to a particular clade. This information can then be used to infer evolutionary ❌. However to do this we need an ❌ to serve as a point of ❌. An outgroup is a species or group of species that i known to have diverged ❌ the lineage that includes the species we are studying.

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All

clade

Shared derived characters

relationships

outgroup

reference

before

after

Explicación

Pregunta 12 de 13

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The principle of parsimony dictates that we should investigate the simplest explanation that is consistent with the facts.

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Explicación

Pregunta 13 de 13

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For phylogenies based on DNA, the least parimonious tree requires the fewest base changes.

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FALSO

	Creado por Eilidh Young hace más de 7 años

Stage I The University of Auckland BIOSCI 101 Test sobre BIOSCI101 Evolution - Lecture 7, creado por Eilidh Young el 20/06/2017.

BIOSCI101 Evolution - Lecture 7

Pregunta 1 de 13

❌ is the discipline of naming and classifying (grouping) organisms.

Arrastra y suelta para completar el texto.

Explicación

Pregunta 2 de 13

Linnaeus classified species into a hierarchy of increasingly broader categories i.e. families, orders, classes, phyla, kingdoms and domains.

Selecciona uno de los siguientes:

Explicación

Pregunta 3 de 13

The placement of species into orders, classes and so on always reflects evolutionary history

Selecciona uno de los siguientes:

Explicación

Pregunta 4 de 13

Arrastra y suelta para completar el texto.

Explicación

Pregunta 5 de 13

The evolutionary history of a group of organism can be represented in a branching diagram call a phylogenetic tree.

Selecciona uno de los siguientes:

Explicación

Pregunta 6 de 13

Selecciona la opción correcta de los menús desplegables para completar el texto.

Explicación

Pregunta 7 de 13

Arrastra y suelta para completar el texto.

Explicación

Pregunta 8 de 13

Sequences alignment is necessary to determine molecular homology. In organisms that have very different sequences and are not closely related, the bases that they share may simply be coincidental matches – molecular homoplasies. Label these two scenarios accordingly.

Arrastra la opción correcta a cada uno de los puntos naranjas

Explicación

Pregunta 9 de 13

Which one of the following statements about cladistics is FALSE?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Explicación

Pregunta 10 de 13

Label each of these three scenarios on a phylogenetic tree. NOTE: paraphyletic does not include all descendants of the common ancestor; polyphyletic does not include the most recent common ancestor of its members.

Arrastra la opción correcta a cada uno de los puntos naranjas

Explicación

Pregunta 11 de 13

Arrastra y suelta para completar el texto.

Explicación

Pregunta 12 de 13

The principle of parsimony dictates that we should investigate the simplest explanation that is consistent with the facts.

Selecciona uno de los siguientes:

Explicación

Pregunta 13 de 13

For phylogenies based on DNA, the least parimonious tree requires the fewest base changes.

Selecciona uno de los siguientes:

Explicación

Sequences alignment is necessary to determine molecular homology. In organisms that have very different sequences and are not closely related, the bases that they share may simply be coincidental matches – molecular homoplasies.

Label these two scenarios accordingly.

Label each of these three scenarios on a phylogenetic tree.

NOTE: paraphyletic does not include all descendants of the common ancestor; polyphyletic does not include the most recent common ancestor of its members.