If blood were to travel from the heart to the big toe, outline the major vessels it passes through after leaving the left ventricle.
Aorta > Abdominal aorta > Common Iliac Artery > External Iliac Artery > Femoral Artery > Popliteal Artery > Posterior Tibial Artery
Aorta > Abdominal aorta > External Iliac Artery > Common Iliac Artery > Femoral Artery > Popliteal Artery > Posterior Tibial Artery
Aorta > Abdominal aorta > Common Iliac Artery > External Iliac Artery > Popliteal Artery > Femoral Artery > Posterior Tibial Artery
Aorta > Abdominal aorta > Popliteal Artery > Common Iliac Artery > External Iliac Artery > Femoral Artery > Posterior Tibial Artery
Which other major venous vessel lies in the thigh, besides the femoral vein, and what is it's position?
Great saphenous, deep
Great saphenous, superficial
Popliteal, deep
Popliteal, superficial
We have ❌ jugular veins. The right and left ❌ jugular vein, the right and left external jugular vein, and the ❌ jugular vein. We only have ❌ carotid arteries, though: the right and left internal, and right and left ❌.
Which sub-layer and layer of the blood vessels could be described as "A simple squamous epithelium which lines the lumen of all vessels."
Sub-endothelium of the Tunica Intima
Endothelium of the Tunica Media
Endothelium of the Tunica Intima
Internal Elastic Lamina of Tunica Adventitia
What is the structure and function of the sub-endothelium of the Tunica Intima?
A sparse pad of loose FCT, to cushion the endothelium.
A sparse pad of loose FCT, to prevent clotting
A simple squamous epithelium, to prevent clotting
A condensed sheet of elastic tissue, to reinforce the endothelium.
The IEL (Internal elastic lamina) of the tunica intima is well developed in veins and less developed in arteries.
The Tunica Media is mainly:
Smooth muscle
Squamous Epithelium
Loose FCT
The Tunica Media has a ❌ content of connective tissue fibres, mainly elastin and ❌. Thickness of the media is proportional to both vessel diameter and ❌, so is typically thickest in ❌.
Choose the correct statements about the Tuinca Adventitia.
It is mainly loose FCT
It is mainly smooth muscle
It has a high elastin content
It has a variable collagen content
It contains the vasa vasorum
It contains lymphatics and autonomics.
The Tunica Media is often the thickest layer of veins.
The Tunica Media often has two distinct layers in veins, and is thin compared to the Tunica Media in arteries.
A 'vascular bundle' contains:
nerves, arteries, veins
arteries, veins, capillaries
arteries, veins, lymphatics
Capillaries are the exchange site of the blood vascular system. They thus need walls that are very thin thick( thin, thick ), smooth and slow quick( slow, quick ) blood flow, and a large small( large, small ) total cross sectional area.
Precapillary sphincters are composed of smooth muscle epithelial( smooth muscle, epithelial ) cells. They limit control( limit, control ) access to a local capillary bed and are controlled autonomically somatically( autonomically, somatically ).
Epithelial cells of the capillary wall make intercellular junctions to themselves.
Continuous capillaries are the most ❌. They are tight and not meant to leak, and can be found in ❌ Fenestrated capillaries have fenestrations—pores ❌ than cells—in their inner wall, but have a basement membrane which is still intact. An example of where these are needed is ❌ Sinusoidal capillaries are leaky, with many holes and pores and an only partially intact basement membrane. They are also the only type of capillary which is wide enough for ❌. They can be found in ❌.
Which of these could NOT be a distinguishing feature between veins and lymph channels?
one way valves vs. no valves
red blood cells vs. no red blood cells
thin walls vs. thick walls
Which of these is not a function of lymph?
Drainage of excess fluid and plasma proteins from tissues back to the blood
Filtering and immune response to antigens
Fat absorption from intestine
Providing nutrients and removing metabolic waste from tissue
Right axillary nodes and right cervical nodes drain into the right lymphatic duct central lymphatic drainage( right lymphatic duct, central lymphatic drainage ), which drains into the right subclavian vein right subclavian artery( right subclavian vein, right subclavian artery ).
Lymph node structure could be described as trabecular.
Label the sides/pumps of the heart.
Which of these methods could increase the force of contraction of the heart?
Increase myocyte recruitment
Increase cytosolic Ca++ to increase cross bridge formation
What could explain a calcium leak in heart cells?
Healthy cells being under forceful contraction.
Unhealthy cells not able to contract forcefully enough.
Actin is needed to uncouple cross bridges.
The heart twists and contorts as it contracts. What is the structural explanation for this and what advantages does it present?
Cardiac muscle fibres in helical pattern, increased efficiency and force of contraction
Cardiac muscle fibres in helical pattern, decreased energy expenditure when contracting
Cardiac muscle fibres in a perpendicular pattern, increased efficiency and force of contraction
Cardiac muscle fibres in a perpendicular pattern, decreased energy expenditure when contracting
Diastole is ❌ "phases" of the cardiac cycle while systole is ❌. More time is spent in ❌.
The mean arterial pressure can be found lying closer to systole on a graph.
Pulmonary blood pressure is much lower higher( lower, higher ) than systemic blood pressure because the pulmonary circuit is shorter longer( shorter, longer ) and has a smaller larger( smaller, larger ) volume.
Which wave travels faster(after ejection from the aorta)?
Pressure wave
Blood wave
How can pulmonary and systemic blood flows be equal when their respective pressures are so different?
Resistance is higher in the pulmonary circuit
Resistance is higher in the systemic circuit.
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