Wilcoxon is used when testing for a difference.
Chi-square is used when testing for a correlation.
Spearman's Rho is used when testing for a difference.
Mann-Whitney is used when testing for a difference.
What statistical test is used when the data is correlational?
Mann-Whitney
Chi-Square
Spearman's Rho
Wilcoxon
What statistical test is used when the data is nominal?
Which statistical test is used when there is an independent groups design?
Which three of these apply to the Wilcoxon test?
Data is ordinal, interval or ratio
Data is nominal
Used when testing for a difference
Used with an independent groups design
Used with a repeated measures design
Used when the sets of data are related
Psychologists most often use a probability of 95%, so there's a 5% chance the results aren't significant.
Which type of error states that the results aren't significant, when in fact they are?
Type 1
Type 2
Which type of error states that the results are significant, when in fact they're due to chance?
A one-tailed test is used in conjunction with a directional hypothesis.
A two-tailed test can only be used with a non-directional hypothesis.
What is a directional hypothesis?
A hypothesis that states the results will go a certain way, e.g. 'I predict women eat more food than men'
A hypothesis that states there will be a difference, but doesn't say in which way, e.g. 'I predict there will be a difference between the amount that women and men eat'
What is a null hypothesis?
States there will be a difference, but doesn't say which way results will go, e.g. 'I predict there will be a difference in the amount women and men eat'
States the results will be due to chance, e.g. 'There will be no significant difference in the amount men and women eat'
Give two strengths of lab experiments.
Greatest control over independent variable
Higher ecological validity
Few demand characteristics
Control over ethics
Give two weaknesses of natural experiments.
Demand characteristics
No control over extraneous variables
Low ecological validity
Ethical issues
Give one strength and one weakness of field experiments.
Higher ecological validity than lab studies
Full control over independent variables
Less control over extraneous variables
High risk of demand characteristics
Demand characteristics are where the participants become aware (either consciously or subconsciously) of the aims of the study, and alter their behaviour as such.
What are investigator effects?
Anything the investigator does which has an effect on the behaviour of participants
Where the participants become aware of the aims of the study and alter their behaviour as such
Features of a research situation that alter the behaviour of participants, such as the time of day, temperature, noise levels etc.
What is the difference between participant effects and participant variables?
Participant effects is a general term to acknowledge the fact that p's behaviour can be influenced by being in a study; participant variables are characteristics of individual p's that can influence the outcome of a study
Participant effects are characteristics of individual p's that can influence the outcome of a study; participant variables is a general term to acknowledge the fact that p's behaviour can be influenced by being in a study
Single blind tests are where the participants don't know the aims of the study.
Double blind tests are where the neither participants nor experimenters know the aims of the study.
How can situational variables be overcome? (Give two answers.)
Standardisation
Double blind
Counterbalancing
Anonymity
Matched pairs
Order effects can be overcome using counterbalancing.
Volunteer bias can be overcome using random sampling.
There are seven ethical considerations needed when conducting human research.
