31165293
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Flashcards by ACAPUN INSTITUTE, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by ACAPUN INSTITUTE
over 3 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What could be beneficial in reducing edema in the arms of women who have had radical mastectomy with removal of axial lymph nodes? | Administration of plasma volume expander |
| Which changes in lung compliance and vital capacity would be observes in the absence of pulmonary surfactant? | Decrease Lung Compliance, Decrease Vital capacity |
| What represents a decrease in the frequency of action potentials in an afferent neuron despite a constant stimulus intensity | Adaptation |
| Earaches may develop as a result of blockage of the eustachian tube because... | pressure in the middle ear is not equalized with atmospheric pressure |
| What stimulates vagal N endings in the lung parenchyma and inhibits inspiration | Expansion of the lungs |
| Right sided lesions of the spinal cord result in loss of? | Motor activity on the same side and pain and temperature on the opposite side |
| A diminished O2 tension in the myocardium causes immediate | Vasodilation of coronary vessels |
| After prolonged acidosis, What is the nitrogenous product excreted in high amounts in the urine | Ammonia |
| Hyperventilation alters the acid-base balance of arterial blood by | Decreasing Co2 and increasing pH |
| Intravenous injections of KCl solution would increase secretion of | Aldosterone |
| Frank-Starling's law of the heart states that | The initial length of cardiac muscle fibers affects the strength of contraction |
| When arterial pressure increases, pressoreceptors discharge and | Inhibit tonic activity of the sympathetic nerves and excite parasympathetic nerves |
| Acromegaly is due to an excessive prod'n of? | Somatotropin |
| Epinephrine causes an elevation in cAMP levels in muscle cells which in turn activate | Glycogen phosphorylase |
| The rate of diffusion across the alveolar wall is inversely proportional to | The thickness of the alveolar wall |
| Pieces of dog parotid gland and pancreas are transplanted under the skin of the donor animal. After re-establishment of circulation, ingestion of food will result in secretion from | Fragment of the pancreas only |
| Which of the ff con'ds is indicated during isovolumetric contraction of the heart | All valves are closed |
| In the denervated heart, adjustment to increased workload are mediated by mechanisms associated with | Increased end diastolic volume |
| Which one is secreted more during the absorptive state than during the postabsorptive state | Insulin |
| Bulging veins in the neck result from | Congestive heart failure |
| A parathyroidectomized animal will exhibit levels of Ca and Phosphate ions in the plasma | Low Calcium/ High Phosphate ion concentration |
| Glycosuria with hyperglycemia usually occurs in? | Diabetes Mellitus |
| Which of the following changes promotes the formation of extracellular edema | Capillary filtration exceeds capillary absorption |
| Most likely to cause respiratory acidosis | Hypoventilation |
| Breathing a gas mixture with 5% CO2 ultimately leads to which of the following | A stimulation of chemical chemoreceptors |
| Systolic blood pressure may be abnormally high in this condition | Decreased arterial compliance |
| Glycosuria: Low insulin level, Impaired tubular reabsorption, High glomerular filtration rate, High renal threshold for glucose except for what? | High blood sugar level |
| Hypoactivity of the posterior pituitary gland leads to? | Diabetes Insipidus |
| Which of the following will inactivate HIV reverse transcriptase? | AZT |
| Metabolic alkalosis | CAUSES: - Acid lost from diuretics , retention of HCO3/increase in pH= SUPER basic from meds -Hyperaldosteronism _________________________________ -You will hypoventilate and retain CO2 to compensate |
| Metabolic acidosis | CAUSES: - You lost way too much HCO3/ pH decreases - There's too much acid (lactic acid, renal failure, ketone, diarrhea, ammonium into) ________________________________________ - To compensate, you hyperventilate to get the CO2 off |
| Respiratory alkalosis | CAUSES: -You hyperventilated too much -Decrease in CO2 increase in pH _____________________________________________ -To compensate, you pee out HCO3 |
| Respiratory acidosis | CAUSES: - Hypoventilate; Increase in PCO2 decrease in pH _____________________________________________ - To compensate you hold onto your HCO3 |
| If you damage the upper motor neuron (corticospinal tract) then this would result in... | Hyperactivity of the deep tendon reflex Because this would mean that you can't do fine motor movements of fingers and tosies. Damage to this would lead to muscle spasticity because the inhibitory neuron is damage |
| What is characterized by a long eyeball, the focal point of far objects is focuses in front the retina? | Myopia (nearsightedness) You can see up close but not far away! |
| What eye issues is corrected by concave lenses? | Myopia (nearsightedness) |
| What is characterized by a too short eyeball, focal point of near objects is focused behind the retina and is corrected by convex lenses? | Hyperopia (farsightedness) |
| What is the loss of lens elasticity with age? | Presbyopia |
| What happens with the curvature of the lens is not uniform? | Astigmatism |
| Albinism | Genetic disorders characterized by tyrosinase to convert tyrosine to melanin |
| How are bile salts formed? | With phosphatifyl choice and cholesterol |
| MCC of liver failure | Alcoholism if hepatic vein is failing it drains into liver (emphysema) |
| Mallory-Weiss syndrome | Alcoholism - vomiting blood |
| B1 deficiency can lad to what with alcohol? | Wernicke- Korsakoff psychosis |
| Tetralogy of Fallot | DRIP Dextropostion of Aorta Right Ventricluar hypertrophy Interventricular septal defect Pulmonary stenosis |
| What does rheumatic fever do? | Destroys mitral valve (LA)- strep pyogenes |
| Rhematic fever lones what? | McCollum patch |
| Mc benign tumor in the heart? | Myxoma |
| What is Bell-Magendie? | Anterior horn of the cord is motor while the posterior horn is sensory |
| What is Henri law? | Gas solubility in a liquid is proportional to gas pressure |
| Hering Breuer? | Limits repiratory excursion via the Vagus Nerve -know: its conducted through Vagus N and conducts normal breathing |
| Starling's Law | Cardiac output is equal to venous return - used to detect cardiac output |
| What does syphilis affect? | Tricuspid valve is destroyed |
| MCC of ARDS | Respiratory Distress |
| What is a AKA for Respiratory Distress syndrome? | Neonatal Hyaline Membrane Disease? |
| PCCE (pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium) is what type of pathology? | Is a lung pathology |
| Dust cells? | Macrophages |
| MC type of lung tissue in smokers? | Stratified squamous |
| An increased H ion and CO2, decreased O2 is acidosis or alkalosis? | Acidosis |
| Decreased H ion and CO2, increased O2 is acidosis or alkalosis | Alkalosis |
| What is the cause of respiratory acidosis? | Decreased alveolar ventilation ex: holding breath |
| How can you reverse respiratory acidosis? | Urinate NH4 out |
| What causes respiratory alkalosis? | Hyperventilation |
| How can you reverse respiratory alkalosis? | Bag over head, Excrete Bicarbonate NaCO3 |
| What causes metabolic acidosis? | Non lung acidosis ex: diarrhea, diabetes mellitus |
| How do you fix metabolic acidosis? | Hyperventilation to blow of CO2 |
| What causes metabolic alkalosis? | Non lung alkalosis ex: bulimia, diuretics |
| How can you reverse metabolic alkalosis? | Slow breathing |
| What is a curvature of a penis called? due to trauma | Peyronies disease |
| Myopia | NEARSIGHTEDNESS - objects are focused to a point IN FRONT of the retina - eye is too long *CONCAVE LENSES* are used to treat it |
| Plasma Cholinesterase | DECREASED in SEVERE LIVER DISEASES (viral hepatitis, liver cirrhosis) - *used to diagnose Organophosphate Poisoning* |
| Alanine Transaminase (ALT) and Aspartate Transaminase (AST) | Elevation is due to leakage from damaged liver cells - *used to diagnose LIVER DISEASES* |
| y-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) | Used to diagnose *BILIARY OBSTRUCTION* |
| If pineal gland calcifies it will be called? what causes it? | Brain sand caused by fluoride |
| Acid Phosphatase and Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) | Used to diagnose *PROSTATIC CANCER* |
| Creatine Kinase | First heart enzyme to appear in blood following a heart attack, followed by *Aspartate Transaminase and Lactate Dehydrogenase* |
| Lipase and Amylase | Acute PANCREATITIS |
| Hypercapnea and Hypocapnea | An increase and decrease in the PCO2 of arterial blood respectively |
| Side Effects of Excessive Fluoride | 1. Dental Fluorosis/MOTTLED ENAMEL - are INTRINSIC STAINING, not extrinsic 2. Gastrointestinal Effects 3. Fracture of Bone |
| Vitamin D's Deficiency | Rickets, Osteomalacia |
| Vitamin A | - The active forms are the RETINOIDS (retinal, retinol, retinoic acid) - if absent, see squamous metaplasia occur (columnar epithelial transformed into heavily keratinized squamous epithelia) Deficiency: - dry eyes, night blindness, impairment of reproductive function |
| Which vitamin deficiency causes pernicious anemia? | VITAMIN B12 |
| Which enzymes are used to diagnose liver diseases? | AST and ALT (the Transaminases) Aspartate Transaminase Alanine Transaminase |
| Which enzymes are used to signal a Myocardial Infarction has taken place? | 1. Creatine Kinase (FIRST ONE) 2. Aspartate Transaminase (AST) 3. Lactate Dehydrogenase |
| What enzymes are used in the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis? | Lipase and Amylase |
| What enzymes are used in the diagnosis of prostatic cancer? | Acid Phosphatase (ACP) and Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) |
| Von Gierke's Disease | Most common glycogen storage disease defect in *glucose 6 phosphatase* leads to periods of very low blood sugar between meals needs continuous feeding to maintain blood sugar levels glucose 6 phosphate builds up in the cell and cannot be broken down into glucose - so the liver enlarges and is damaged over time |
| Oral Contraceptives | Inhibit ovulation by eliminating the LH surge - are estrogen-like and progesterone-like substances - prevent the rise in LUTENIZING HORMONE, and therefore preventing ovulation |
| Cushing's Disease | Hypercortisolemia |
| Right-sided lesions of the spinal cord result in loss of motor activity on the ____________ side, and pain and temperature sensations on the ___________ side. | 1. SAME side 2. OPPOSITE side |
| Beta-Blockers prescribed for hypertension work on what kind of receptors? | Beta-1 Adrenergic Receptors |
| Oncogenes | HER-2/neu, ras, myc, src |
| Lesch-Nyan Syndrome (what is it? Deficiency in which enzyme?) | - Juvenile gout LescH = HGPRT - Deficiency in HGPRT (Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase) - enzyme that recycles purines in the purine salvage pathway vs excretion breakdown |
| Severe Combined Immune Deficiency (SCID) | -Defect in Adenosine Desminase (AD; used to breakdown purines) SCID= severe ... a SCID AD is very depressing |
| Rifampin | Fights tuberculosis by interfering with tranSCRIPTION |
| A deficiency in what vitamin will cause night blindness and enamel hypoplasia? | *Vitamin A (retinol)* because it promotes *epithelial cell differentiation* and *rhodopsin* |
| If you damage the upper motor neuron (corticospinal tract) then this would result in... | Hyperactivity of the deep tendon reflex Because this would mean that you can't do fine motor movements of fingers and tosies. Damage to this would lead to muscle spasticity because the inhibitory neuron is damage |
| What type of mutation is it when a wrong base replaces a correct base causing the wrong amino acid? | Missense point mutation |
| Congenital conditions | Present at birth but may not be evident until later |
| Anomaly | Something that is noticeably different |
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