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Description
Flashcards by ACAPUN INSTITUTE, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by ACAPUN INSTITUTE
over 3 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Downstream interventions | Providing equitable access to care and services to mitigate negative impacts Eg. Dental services to low financial means |
| Upstream Interventions | Improving social and economic structures to decrease barriers and improve support Eg. Sugar tax, CWF, ban on smoking |
| Health protection vs promotion | Protection: actions taken directly by gov to prevent development and spread of disease - Sureveillance, regulations to prevent exposures Ø Promotion: actions taken by gov to ENCOURAGE behaviors that promote health - Campaigns, advocating, smoking cessation, active, nutrition |
| 8 Functions of Public Health | 1) Identify health problems and priorites 2) Monitor and assess health of communities 3) Formulate public policies 4) Assure all populations have access to appropriate and cost-effective care (including health promotion and prevention) 5) Evaluate services and care provided 6) Advocacy 7) Support for legislation 8) Research and Innovation |
| 2 Most common oral diseases | Ø Caries Ø Periodontal disease |
| 3 types of tooth wear | Ø Erosive - acid from stomach or food Ø Attrition - tooth wearing down tooth Ø Abrasive - brushing with gritty, eating seeds |
| Caries definition | - biofilm-mediated, sugar-driven, multifactorial, dynamic disease that results in the phasic demineralisation and remineralization of dental hard tissues. - If preventive and/or non-operative interventions are not put into place in the early stages, dental caries can progress to lesions involving macroscopic loss of the tooth's surface integrity forming cavities. |
| 4 essential factors of caries | 1) Host (teeth in a person) 2) Microflora (acid-producing bacteria) 3) Fermentable carbohydrates 4) time |
| 5 key oral health messages | 1) Brush your teeth 2x daily with a fluoride toothpaste 2) Advocate for water fluoridation and appropriate use of fluoride 3) Restrict frequency of consumption of sugar and acid 4) Visit dentist at least annually 5) Support smoking cessation initiatives |
| Fluoride toothpaste concentration | Ø At least 1000ppm Ø Often 1450ppm |
| children's Toothpaste Guidelines + Floss | Ø 0-2 No toothpaste just water Ø For children under 7 --> pea sized amount, 1000-1500ppm WITH supervision Ø Over 7 --> full head of toothbrush, avoid ingestion No floss for children under 12 due to trauma |
| Free sugars + WHO guidelines | Ø Monosaccharides and disaccharides added to food Ø Sugars naturally present in honey, syrups, fruit juices, fruit juice concentrate Ø Sugar should be less than 10% of caloric intake Ø No more than 50g of free sugars |
| To achieve high levels of ethical consciousness, decision making, and practice by members of a profession | |
| Core Values | Veracity, Autonomy, Beneficence, Justice, Nonmaleficence, Confidentiality, and Social Trust |
| Veracity | Telling the truth |
| Autonomy | deals with the patient, self determination- freedom of choice |
| Beneficence | promoting the well being of individuals and the public- DO GOOD |
| Justice | FAIRNESS, providing everyone with the same care everytime |
| Nonmaleficence | deals with practitioner, DO NO HARM, ex-providing protective eye wear to the patient |
| Confidentiality | patient information and relationships |
| Social Trust | valuing patient trust, based on clinicians actions and behaviors |
| Civil Offense | wrongful act against a person, money usually sought after, most dental cases fall under this category |
| Best way to avoid a law suit | DOCUMENTATION, CHARTING, AND COMMUNICATION |
| Civil Law | CONTRACTS, can be implied (inference) or expressed (oral or written), involves practitioner and patients |
| Civil Law | TORTS, assault (threats), battery (causing harm), deceit, defamation, invasion of property |
| unintentional tort | failure to do what a reasonable person would do, ex-breaking a instrument in a pocket and not telling anyone |
| OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) | Responsible for developing universal precautions protocols for employees to prevent them from contracting disease through blood or other bodily fluids |
| HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act) | maintains patient confidentiality, office has to provide patient copy of HIPAA every 3 years |
| CDC | guidelines for disease prevention and disease transmission |
| COBRA (Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act) | gives the individual the right to keep their insurance benefits for 18 months after being laid off, reduction in hours, or quits |
| Informed consent | example of autonomy, clear for patient, explains why they need it, risk vs benefits, prognosis, alternatives, and gives the patient time to ask questions. giving the COST is NOT this. |
| The acronym WHO refers to which organization? a. Women's Hygienist Organization b. Working Hygienist Organization c. Water Health Organization d. World Health Organization | D |
| Dental hygienists are recognized worldwide as preventive therapists. This recognition is due to the fact that they are practicing in all countries. a. Both the statement and reason are correct and related. b. Both the statement and reason are correct but NOT related. c. The statement is correct, but the reason is NOT. d. The statement is NOT correct, but the reason is correct. e. Neither the statement NOR reason is correct. | E |
| What is the most common or widespread disease(s)? a. Cold sores b. Dental caries c. Periodontal disease d. Both b and c | D |
| The acronym DMFT refers to? a. Diseased missing front teeth b. Decayed missing filled teeth c. Doctor of medicine field training d. Diseased missing filled teeth | B |
| In order for a report or study to be credible, it must be all of the following EXCEPT: a. Evidence based b. Inconsistent c. Reproducible d. Comparable | B |
| A DMFT score of 5.5 is considered: a. Low. b. Moderate. c. High. d. None of the above | B |
| A CPI, also known as CPITN, is used for what? a. Dental caries index. b. Dental caries and periodontal index. c. Strictly used as a periodontal needs index. d. All of the above | C |
| Dental hygiene schools are based primarily on which country's curriculum? a. United States b. Sweden c. Switzerland d. France | A |
| What is preceptorship? a. On-the-job training after completing school, such as an internship. b. Doing what your boss asks of you c. On-the-job training d. Being aware of your patients' feelings at all times | C |
| What is a reason for lack of dental hygiene care? a. Insufficient funding for preventive service and educational facilities b. Limitations inherent in the legal restraints for the profession c. Social and cultural lack of awareness of the benefits of preventive care d. All of the above | D |
| __________ ensure a standard of care. a. Credentials from completing examinations b. Probe markings c. Knowledge base d. Working under a dentist | A |
| Which is the oldest recorded dental organization? a. International Federation of Dental Hygienists b. Federation Dentaire International c. American Dental Association d. International Dental Research Foundation | B |
| The United States is the only country that requires dental hygiene students to take exams for national qualification, with the exception of Canada. a. The first statement is true, the second statement is false b. The first statement is false, the second statement is true c. Both statements are true d. Both statements are false | D |
| Data show that regulations imposed to restrict dental hygiene care to work settings controlled by dentists are gradually beginning to disappear. Increasingly, dental hygienists may practice autonomously, without the supervision of dentists. a. The first statement is true, the second statement is false b. The first statement is false, the second statement is true c. Both statements are true d. Both statements are false | C |
| What is the correct definition for direct supervision? a. A patient has to be referred by a dentist to an off-site practice where only dental hygiene treatment is rendered b. Dentists decide and authorize hygiene treatment but do not need to be physically present while hygiene procedures are performed. c. No need for referral or a dentist d. Dentists decide and authorize hygiene treatment and must be physically present and possibly in the room while hygiene procedures are performed | D |
| A hygiene treatment clinic where there is no dentist present as a supervisor and referral is only needed when a patient requires treatment that is out of his/her scope of practice is called: a. An independent practice. b. An autonomous practice. c. An unsupervised practice. d. All of the above. | D |
| What is meant by general supervision? a. Dentists decide and authorize hygiene treatment and must be physically present and possibly in the room while hygiene procedures are performed. b. A patient has to be referred by a dentist to an off-site practice where only dental hygiene treatment is rendered. c. No need for a referral or a dentist d. Dentists decide and authorize hygiene treatment but do not need to be physically present while hygiene procedures are performed. | D |
| Preventive health not only approves the quality of life by improving general health but also: a. Costs less money for the hygienist b. Costs more money to society c. Costs less money for the patient d. Costs more money for the dentist | C |
| What agency has community goals including tobacco smoking-cessation programs and nutritional counseling? a. ADD b. FDA c. WHO d. UN | C |
| Autonomous hygienists with expanded functions and higher educational attainment are better able to provide quality, cost-effective clinical care. These providers can initiate and manage scientifically based public oral health initiatives. a. The first statement is true, the second statement is false b. The first statement is false, the second statement is true c. Both statements are true d. Both statements are false | C |
| Reports show that the United States does NOT ensure adequate oral health care for all populations. This is due to a lack of dental hygienists in the workforce. a. Both the statement and reason are correct and related. b. Both the statement and reason are correct but NOT related. c. The statement is correct, but the reason is NOT. d. The statement is NOT correct, but the reason is correct. e. Neither the statement NOR reason is correct. | c. The statement is correct, but the reason is not. |
| Untreated dental disease is prominent in which of the following groups? a. Ethnic minorities b. Low-income individuals c. Low-income families d. All of the above | d. all of the above |
| Which program provides health insurance (including dental insurance) to children whose parents are low income but not eligible for Medicaid? a. Medicare (CMS) b. Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) c. Children and Youth Financial Group (CYFG) d. All of the above | B. Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) |
| How is the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) funded? a. Private sector grantees b. State governments c. County governments d. None of the above | D. None of the above |
| Which government entity performs research projects such as cancer, Alzheimer's, diabetes, and AIDS? a. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) b. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) c. National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR) d. National Institute of Health (NIH) | D. National Institute of Health (NIH) |
| Which government entity provides immunizations and safeguards against international disease transmission? a. IHS b. FDA c. CDC d. HRSA | C. CDC |
| Which government agency is responsible for the regulation of dental materials, equipment, and over-the-counter dental care products? a. FDA b. NIDCR c. HRSA d. AHRQ | A. FDA |
| Which government agency is responsible for community and migrant health centers and primary care programs, as well as managing organ transplant systems and providing services to persons with AIDS? a. ACF b. Medicaid c. Medicare d. HRSA | D. HRSA |
| Which government agency is responsible for Early Head Start and Head Start programs? a. Medicare b. Medicaid c. ACF d. FDA | C. ACF |
| . The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) are responsible for which of the following? a. Medicare and Medicaid only b. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) c. The Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) d. All of the above | d. all of the above |
| Food, nutrition counseling, and access to health and dental services are provided to women, infants, and children through which program? a. Medicaid b. WIC c. CHIP d. Medicare | B. WIC |
| U.S. inmates have a constitutional right to health care. Dental hygienists may work in the prison setting. a. The first statement is true, the second statement is false b. The first statement is false, the second statement is true c. Both statements are true d. Both statements are false | C. Both statements are true |
| To work as a practicing hygienist in a Veteran's Affair (VA) hospital, you must have: a. U.S. citizenship b. Bachelor's degree c. Passed a background check d. Both A and C | D. Both A and C |
| . In some states dental hygienists may be employed as ___________, where they work to implement community water fluoridation, school sealant programs, fluoride mouth rinse programs, and school-based prevention programs. a. Clinicians b. State dental directors c. Volunteers d. Civil servants | B. State dental directors |
| Community dental clinics may be operated as which type of clinic? a. Private b. Not-for-profit c. Sliding scale and Medicaid accepting d. All of the above | D. All of the above |
| Which of the following represents a need? a. Cosmetic teeth whitening b. Dental insurance c. A patient without periodontal disease whose insurance covers three-month prophylaxis intervals. d. A class I decayed tooth | D. A class I decayed tooth |
| Which of the following represents a demand? a. A periodontally-involved person who seeks a periodontist to treat the condition. b. A person with periodontal disease who refuses treatment plans. c. A person with periodontal disease who has been to the dentist in the past three years years. d. A person with periodontal disease who resumes biannual prophylaxis appointments. | B. A person with periodontal disease who refuses treatment plans |
| What is meant by utilization? a. The number of dental care services actually consumed or used b. The amount and kind of health care services required to attain or maintain health c. The particular frequency or desired frequency of dental care from a population d. The disease level within a population | A. The number of dental care services actually consumed or used |
| What is a denturist? a. A dental assistant who is allowed to clean dentures. b. A dentist with special qualifications to have a lab in his/her private office c. There is no such thing. d. A dental provider who fabricates dentures and performs oral exams | D. A dental provider who fabricates dentures and performs oral exams |
| An advanced dental hygiene practitioner would practice in underserved communities and is which of the following? a. Medical assistant b. Post-doctorate level dental provider c. Midlevel provider d. All of the above | C. Midlevel provider |
| The goal of which of the following is to protect and promote the health of the public through all of the following areas EXCEPT: a. Disease prevention b. Dental elimination c. Behavior modification d. Health promotion | B. Dental Elimination |
| Which of the following is an example of primary prevention? a. Class I restoration b. Scaling and root planing (SRP) c. Using fluoride on demineralized cervical margins d. Supplying city water with fluoride | D. Supplying city water with fluoride |
| The community, private sector, and government leaders are all involved in which portion of public health? a. Assessment b. Policy development c. Evaluation d. Assurance | B. Policy Development |
| Which of the following is considered one of the ten greatest public health measures in the past century? a. Biannual dental prophylaxis b. Sealants c. Community water fluoridation d. Composite restorations | C. Community Water Fluoridation |
| Which of the following is NOT a good example of a dental public health group? a. People aged 65+ b. A diabetes support group c. An individual family d. Elementary-aged children | C. An individual family |
| Reports suggest that the current dental systems are effectively ensuring optimal oral health for all populations. These reports further conclude that dental hygiene has been the most effective way to combat oral health disparities. a. Both the statement and reason are correct and related. b. Both the statement and reason are correct but NOT related. c. The statement is correct, but the reason is NOT. d. The statement is NOT correct, but the reason is correct. e. Neither the statement NOR reason is correct. | E. Neither the statement NOR reason is correct |
| Which of the following has reduced oral disease rates? a. Fluoride b. Professional dental cleanings c. Dental sealants d. All of the above | D. All of the above |
| Which of the following is the correct correlation between oral health and socioeconomic status (SES)? a. The lower the SES, data indicate that there is a decrease in untreated dental caries. b. The lower the SES, data indicate that there is an increase in untreated dental caries. c. The lower the SES, data indicate that there is an increase in treated dental caries. d. None of the above | B. The lower the SES, data indicate that there is an increase in untreated dental caries. |
| What is considered the most important issue that negatively impacts dental public health? a. Populations with rampant decay b. Patient noncompliance c. Inadequate access to dental care d. Inadequate access to fluoridated water | C. Inadequate access to dental care |
| Which of the following factors affect(s) dental health? a. Access to care b. Dental insurance c. Malpractice d. All of the above | D. All of the above |
| Which of the following are public health goals? a. Preventing injuries b. Responding to disasters and assisting in the recovery of the community c. Ensuring quality and accessibility of health services d. All of the above | D. All of the above |
| Which is an example of a great public health achievement? a. Vaccinations b. Topical fluorides c. Lasik eye surgery d. Penicillin | A. Vaccinations |
| Which is an example of an assessment of public health that would be performed by the dental hygienist? a. Analyzing the needs of a community b. A comprehensive oral examination c. Conducting a needs assessment of a target population d. Both A and C | D. Both A and C |
| Which of the following are in correct order? a. Assessment, dental hygiene diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation b. Dental hygiene diagnosis, assessment, implementation, evaluation, and planning c. Evaluation, dental hygiene diagnosis, planning, implementation, and assessment d. Assessment, dental hygiene diagnosis, evaluation, planning, and implementation | A. ADPIE |
| Providing the dental hygiene diagnosis of the community to prioritize needs is a model of: a. A public health dental hygienist b. A private practice dental hygienist c. Both of the above d. Neither of the above | A. a public healthy dental hygienist |
| Which of the following is NOT a correct answer? In planning a public health dental program, a hygienist would develop the program based on: a. Selecting appropriate labor to fulfill the program b. Individual needs c. Priorities and alternatives d. The resources available | B. Individual needs |
| The public health dental hygienist must be able to self-generate program plans and always keep the program plan the same for documentation reasons. a. The first statement is true, the second statement is false b. The first statement is false, the second statement is true c. Both statements are true d. Both statements are false | C. Both statements are true |
| An example of how the public health hygienist would evaluate outcomes is by using: a. Dental records b. Dental Indices c. Gingival and periodontal evaluations d. Both B and C | B. Dental Indices |
| Which of the following is(are) role(s) of a dental hygienist? a. Clinician b. Researcher c. Advocate d. All of the above | D. All of the above |
| 20. All of the following are examples of public health services EXCEPT: a. Child care services at a public health office b. Dental care at a private dental office c. Vaccinations given at a local grocery store d. A sealant program at a junior high school | B. Dental care at a private dental office |
| What is DPH? | Science and art of preventing oral diseases, promoting oral health and improving quality if life through organised efforts of society. |
| What are the stages of public health practice? | - Assessment of need - Analysis of date - Programme planning - Ethics and planning approval - Programme implementation - Types of finance - Appraisal and review |
| What are the criteria for a public health problem? | - prevalence of the condition - Impact of the condition on an individual level - Impact on wider society - Preventable condition - Effective treatment available |
| What is epidemiology? | The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems. |
| How is disease measured? | prevalence, incidence, trends |
| What is prevalence? | % of the population with the disease in question, divided by the possible population at risk |
| What is incidence? | the number of new cases of an illness per population at risk in a given amount of time |
| Describe a cross-sectional study investigating caries? | Granath 1978. Compared caries in 500 swedish 4 year olds vs sugar consumption. Those with lower sugar between meals had >60% buccal and approximal caries? |
| Describe a longitudinal study investigating caries? | Tristan De Cuhna before 1940 - very low sugar diet. Opening of a trading store on the island resulted in an increase in caries levels in all age groups |
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