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| Question | Answer |
| INFLUENCE LATIN ON ENGLISH LOANS CALQUES https://www.uni-due.de/SHE/index.html | RICHNESS ENGLISH LANGUAGE DOUBLETS TRIPLETS GERMANIC DIALECTS BASIS O.E.:CELTIC+LATIN +SCANDINAVIAN ME: LATIN & FRENCH |
| 0 PERIOD CONTINENTAL BORROWINGS WAR: CAMP, PIT TRADE AND FOOD: VINEGAR, WINE, MUST, CIEPAN(BUY), CYSE, CIRIS DOMESTIC LIFE: CANDLE, CYCENE (KITCHEN) BUILDING ARTS: COPPER (COPOR), STRAAT | CONTACTS WITHIN EMPIRE AND FRONTIER COMMERCIAL AND MILITARY RELATIONS DIFFERENT DIALECTS, BORROW DIFFERENT WORDS |
| 1ST PERIOD. 300 YEARS little influence ROMAN CONQUEST ROMANISATION 55 BC 43 AD 61 AD (BOUDICCA) 122-130 AD HADRIAN WALLS | JULIUS CAESAR CLAUDIUS: CENTRE SOUTHEAST AGRICOLA NORTHERN FRONTIER TOWNS, CITIES IMPERIAL CULT, ELITE SPEAKS LATIN, LATIN OFFICIAL LANGUAGE UNTIL 5TH C, PEOPLE CELTIC FEW WORDS COME FROM CELTIC TO O.E. (PROBLEMATIC RELATIONS BETWEEN THE TWO) CESTER, MY TOOTH HURTS |
| 2ND PERIOD: O.E. 500 YS. extensive influence, habit of borrowing GERMANIC INVASIONS+CHRISTIANISATION 597 AUGUSTINE 8TH c. INTELLECTUAL LEADERSHIP--DANES BENEDICTINE REFORM 10TH.11TH C. EARLIER BORROWINGS | VERNACULAR LIT: BEOWULF, CAEDMON EARLIER BORROWINGS: ALTAR, ABBOT, MASS, CAP, SOCK, LENTIL, LILLY, ELEPHANT, SCHOOL, VERSE, FEVER words not assimilated: confessor application germ words new concept: god, heaven, hell calque: godspell assimilation, use suffixes: martyrdom LATER BORROWINGS: |
| 2ND PERIOD LATER BORROWINGS BENEDICTINE REFORM LEARNED RELIGIOUS LITERARY WORDS | LEARNED: coriander, cucumber, ginger, cypress, laurel, fig paralysis, cancer, plaste, camel, scorppion, tiger RELIGION: cloister, idol, antiChrist, prophet LITERARY WORDS: accent, decline, history |
| 3RD PERIOD 1150-1500 NORMAN CONQUEST-PRESS FRENCH AND LATIN WRITTEN press: Claxton 1476 translations classics, translation Bible Wycliffe 14th c. | LAW, MEDICINE, THEOLOGY, SCIENCE, LITERATURE: prosecute, testitfy, immune, mechanical AUREATE TERMS: tenebrous EXACT, HABITUAL, CONTRADICTORY,M FACT LATIN WORDS with no changes: area, villa, curriculum |
| CONCLUSION AS everyday language Latin more formal implications for learners with Span as 1st language | cognates danger of sounding too formal (dominate registers) word formation: latin prefixes and suffixes, productivity |
| BIBLIOGRAPHY | BAUGH & CABLE (COMPANION, AND HISTORY 2002) SCHAMA, Simon HISTORY ENGLAND 2003 STRANG, BARBARA, HISTORY OF ENGLISH 197O |
| 15th century onwards In the fifteenth century in the light of the humanist tradition and the renewed interest in Latin and Greek the study of classical rhetoricists and grammarians lead to a series of works on English which lasted until well into the 18th century. The authors of these works are called orthoepists. All of them are of a prescriptive nature; nonetheless they contributed to various aspects of the standardisation of English, for example in the sphere of lexis (vocabulary). At the end of the 16th and the beginning of the 17th century the dispute known as the Inkhorn Controversy raged: here the adherents of classical borrowing to an inordinate degree engaged in learned squabbles with those who wished to avoid an alienation of English vocabulary by wholesale borrowing from the classical languages Latin and Greek. 17th and 18th centuries Another factor in the development of the standard in English is the lexicographical work done on English. This starts at the beginning of the 17th century (1604) and culminates in the famous English dictionary by Samuel Johnson (1755) wh | 1b) LOAN TRANSLATIONS, CALQUES These were common in Old English but have been recessive since. Examples are gospel consisting of good + spell and taken from Latin evangelium, itself from Greek. |
| 2) BORROWING WORDS FROM A FURTHER LANGUAGE This is a very common process which is attested for all periods of the history of English or any other language for that matter. The reasons for borrowing are basically twofold. On the one hand there may be a necessity for a foreign word, to fill a gap so to speak. This is the case with many adjectival formations in the Early Modern English period which were coined on the basis of classical stems and which provided a form either not available in English at the time or not appropriate, e.g. marine as an adjective to sea; pedestrian to walk : walker; equestrian to horse (horsy means ‘like a horse in manner or gait'); aquatic to water, etc. The second reason for borrowing is because of the relative prestige (social standing) of the speakers using the donor language. This was the case with many French loans in European languages in the 18th century and is often the reason with loans from English in German today. However, loans made for this reason will only survive in the language if there is a semantic justification for them, i.e. if th | The second reason for borrowing is because of the relative prestige (social standing) of the speakers using the donor language. This was the case with many French loans in European languages in the 18th century and is often the reason with loans from English in Spanish today. However, loans made for this reason will only survive in the language if there is a semantic justification for them, i.e. if the loanword is separate from the corresponding native word in some aspect of its meaning. It is embryonically the case with German Lied, Chanson (French) and Song (English) |
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