Water as a solvent & Ions, Fluids and Electrolytes

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A basic list of vocabulary from science class. Unit on solutions.
Kristina Lambert-Vickers
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Lisa Endicott
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Question Answer
solute The substance that is dissolved in a solvent.
solvent The solute is added to this substance. This was water and alcohol in our class.
soluble Dissolves completely in the water.
partially soluble Some of the solute dissolves.
insoluble The solute does not dissolve.
homogeneous The mixtures is all the same. (even)
heterogeneous The mixtures has different substances.
Define Molarity Molarity is a unit of concentration measuring the number of moles of a solute per litre of solution Moles per liltre MilliMoles per litre
What is the molarity of a solution containing 0.75 mol NaCl in 4.2 liters? 0.179M of NaCl in 4.2L 0.75 /divided by/ 4.2L = 0.179M
If a concentration is given as percent, E.g 5% of Glucose in 1L of fluids The percentage is a mass percentage, so a 5% glucose/dextrose solution contains 50 g/L of glucose/dextrose (Quite simply, 5% dextrose means the solution contains 5g/100ml of solution).
Define Solution A solution is where the solute has been completely dissolved.
Define Tyndall Effect The Tyndall effect, is light scattering by particles in a colloid or else particles in a very fine suspension. Positive = beam of light scattered so liquid is a suspension or colloid Negative= Beam of light non scattered so the liquid is a true solution
Define Suspension and list characteristics Solute particles mixed into the solvent but not dissolved-so they are suspended. Cloudy Particles will settle on standing Heterogeneous Suspensions will reflect light = Tyndall Positive
Define Colloids and list their characteristics In between a true solution and suspension Large particles-so cloudy Particles don't settle and are too large to pass through semi permeable membrane Tyndall Positive
List the different types of Colloid Suspension Foam-air suspended in liquid Emulsions-One liquid dispersed in another Sols-Solid dispersed in a solid, liquid or gas Gels-Liquids dispersed in solids
Emulsions-Types and characteristics Emulsions can be either Hydrophilic or Hydrophobic. Made from one liquid dispersed in another. Example:Fatty cream is a non-greasy moisturiser, used to treat dry skin conditions such as eczema. It is a water in oil emulsion. When applied to the skin it works by providing a layer of oil on the surface of the skin, which traps water beneath it and prevents water evaporating from the skin surface.
Is Blood a suspension, Colloid or a solution Blood is actually all 3 Suspension-Various blood cells Colloid-Proteins in plasma Solution-Electrolytes, gases and glucose
Define Cohesion and Adhesion Cohesion-Forces of attraction between similar particles. Adhesion-Forces of attraction between dissimilar molecules
What are the functions of water in the body? Transport (blood is mostly water) Removal of waste (via urine and feaces) Gas Exchange in the lungs Body Temp regualtion Normal cell function
What are electrolytes? Electrolytes are minerals in your body that have an electric charge. They are in your blood, urine and body fluids.
What elements/minerals are electrolytes? Sodium, calcium, potassium, chlorine, phosphate and magnesium are all electrolytes.
What is the function of electrolytes in the body? Function of electrolytes helps your body's blood chemistry, muscle contraction nerve impulse water and fluid movement in the body Cellular energy/respiration
Define the Role/Regulation etc of Na+ Electrolyte Sodium Na+ Main cation in ECF Promotes H2O retention Maintains BP and BV Resting Membrane Potential RDI 1500mg per day Regulated by ADH, ANP & Aldosterone
Define the Role/Regulation etc of K+ Electrolyte Potassium Main cation in ICF Maintains normal ICF Volume Neuromuscular Function RDI 300 mg per day Regulated by Aldosterone
Define Hypernatremia Too much Na+, lack of H20 Caused by dehydration Signs-Thirst, High BP and Swelling
Define Hyponatremia Low Na+, high H20 Caused by H2O saturation Signs: Dizziness, low BP, muscular weakness
Define Hyperkalemia High K+ and Low H2O Usual cause is renal failire and crush injuries Signs: Irritable, Nausea/Vomiting, cardiac irregularites
Define Hypokalemia Low K+ High H20 Caused by prolonged vomiting & Diarrhea, Kidney disease Signs: Muscle fatigue, confusion and cardiac irregularities
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