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| Question | Answer |
| How does network hardware and software implement protocols? | In layers - each protocol belongs to one layer |
| How does the different layers provide their service? | By performing certain activities within the layer, and by using services of the layer below |
| Can a layer be implemented in software or hardware? | both! App-layer protocols are however almost always implemented in software |
| Which are the five layers of the internet protocol stack | App (ex: HTTP, FTP, DNS) Transport (UDP, TCP) Network (IP, Routing) Link (Ethernet, Wifi) Physical (Wire, wireless) |
| What is a point-to-point protocol? | Implemented in all of nodes in the network: the routers, computers etc. Not just in the end-systems |
| What is the purpose of the transport layer | It transports app-layer messages between their endpoints. It also hides the "defects" of the network layer. It checks if messages have been correctly received and send |
| What is the purpose of the app-layer | Provide communication services directly to the user, such as email, web, file-transfer |
| What is the purpose of the network-layer | To provide addressing, i.e unique identification to all of the hosts in the network and also to route among those nodes |
| What is the purpose of the link-layer | Provides the functional and procedural means to transfer data between network entities and might provide the means to detect and possibly correct errors that may occur in the physical layer. |
| What is the purpose of the physical-layer | Defines the means of transmitting raw bits rather than logical data packets over a physical link connecting network nodes. |
| What does "store and forward" entail in packet switching? | Used by packet switches. A PS must receive the entire packet before it can transmit the first bit |
| What kind of delays can a packet be subjected to? | *Queueing *Processing - examine the packets header, determine where to direct it * Transmission - the amount of time required to push all the packet's bits into the wire dt=L/R (L bits, R bits/sec) *Propagation delay - how long it takes one bit to travel from one end of the wire to the other dp = d/s (d distance, s = speed of link) |
| TCP is bidirectional and full-duplex, what does that mean? | It is bidirectional because it can send data in both directions, and it is full-duplex because it can do that simultaneously |
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