11730226
Description
Flashcards by Jillian Wienzek, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Jillian Wienzek
about 7 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| smallest type of microorganism | viruses |
| viruses | extremely simple, store genetic information, and are surrounded by proteins or a membrane and glycoproteins |
| Obligate intracellular parasites (viruses) | the only way to reproduce is taking over cell and using cell parts to replicate virus |
| Viral characteristics that don't follow the rules of "life" | have an unusual cell structure, have no metabolic reactions of their own, have no ribosomes and cannot synthesize proteins, cannot reproduce independently |
| Steps of Lytic cycle in a bacteria cell | phage attaches and injects genetic material, the genetic material of the phage circularizes, phage DNA/RNA and proteins are synthesized and assembled in the cell, the cell lyses and releases new phages |
| Steps of the lysogenic cycle in a bacteria cell | phage attaches and injects genetic material, the genetic material of the phage circularizes, the phage DNA/RNA integrates into the bacterial chromosome creating a prophage, prophage is copied when the cell is replicated, cell exits lysogenic cycle |
| when a host cell undergoes stressors | cell exits lysogenic cycle and enters lytic cycle |
| why do cold sores continue to appear? | the virus attacks skin cell, viral DNA gets can attach to nerve DNA and escape the immune system |
| Retrovirus | contains RNA and reverse transcriptase (starting with RNA and synthesizing DNA) |
| HIV | retrovirus that has its genetic information incorporated into the genome and then thus gets passed down |
| Retroviruses violate ... | the central dogma of molecular biology - reverse transcriptase allows for RNA to be synthesized into DNA |
| Transcription and Translation in Prokaryotic cell | can take place at same time |
| Gene expression can be regulated (most efficient to least) | 1 during transcription 2 during translation 3 after translation |
| Inducible system | turned on by the presence of something in environment – transcription and translation are induced by certain stimuli Something is added – inducer |
| Lac operon | lacZ, lacY, lacA – structural genes Promoter where RNA polymerase attaches goes to termination sequence Operator – controlling weather transcription or translation occurs Regulatory gene (i) – how system is turned off |
| Lac operon | |
| Biotechnology | is based on restriction endonucleases, which protect bacteria cells from an attack from a phage |
| Bacterial DNA | protected by methylation of host DNA - helps to distinguish bacterial DNA from viral DNA |
| Restriction site | palindromic sequence; "sticky ends" |
| Using Restriction Enzymes | |
| two important uses | 1. analyzing the structure of DNA - DNA fingerprinting 2. creating genetically engineered organisms |
| RFLP | Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism |
| Gene Cloning | |
| Energy | the capacity to do work |
| Chemical transformation | chemical reactions involving the breaking and forming of covalent bonds |
| Energy transformation | the conversion of energy from one form to another |
| potential energy | more free energy (higher G) less stable greater work capacity |
| kinetic energy | less free energy (lower G) more stable less work capacity |
| Exergonic reaction | spontaneous ∆G < 0 energy is released |
| Endergonic reaction | nonspontaneous ∆G > 0 energy must be provided |
| catabolic reaction | take larger molecules and make smaller molecules – release energy |
| anabolic reaction | take smaller molecules and make larger molecules – require input of energy |
| Laws of Thermodynamics | 1. energy cannot be created nor destroyed 2. any energy transformation results in a loss of usable energy. 3. over time, unusable energy (entropy) increases |
| Oxidation | loss of electrons (H+) coupled with reduction |
| Reduction | gain of electrons (H+) coupled with oxidation |
| Activation energy | energy applied to exergonic reactions to start the process |
| enzymes | catalyze reactions - bind to activation site -> gets converted to products -> gets released |
| two factors that affect enzymes | temperature pH |
| inhibitors | inhibit enzymatic reactions competitive and noncompetitive |
| competitive inhibitors | bind to active site and compete over site |
| noncompetitive | bind to enzyme away from active site, change the shape of enzyme so substrate cannot bind to enzyme anymore |
| ATP | adenine, ribose, and 3 phosphate functional groups |
| ADP | adenine, ribose, and 2 phosphate functional groups |
| Aerobic | reaction that requires oxygen |
| Anaerobic | reaction that doesn't require oxygen |
| Autotrophic | produces own food |
| Heterotrophic | non-autotroph; must consume energy |
| substrate-level phosphorylation | the addition of a phosphate group to ADP is coupled to an exergonic reaction |
| oxidative phosphorylation (chemiosmosis) | pump H+ across membrane - creates H+ gradient across membrane protons diffuse back across membrane through ATP synthase |
| Co-enzymes | serve as electron carriers ex: NAD+ and NADH |
| cellular respiration | glycolysis fermentation (anaerobic) pyruvate oxidation citric acid cycle electron transport/ATP synthesis |
| glycolysis | takes place in cytoplasm glucose to pyruvate 10 reactions - 3 categories (energy investment reactions, splitting reactions, energy-harvesting reactions) |
| energy investment | 1-3 attach a phosphate group to glucose - use ATP creating a molecule that has more free energy than glucose |
| splitting reactions | 4-5 |
| energy-harvesting | 6-10 produces pyruvate |
| each glucose molecule that goes through glycolysis yields ... | 2 pyruvate molecules 2 ATP 2 NADH 2 H+ |
| fermentation | anaerobic humans - pyruvate to lactic acid yeast - pyruvate to ethanol and CO2 produces NAD+ to continue glycolysis |
| Oxidation of pyruvate | pyruvate to Acetyl CoA takes place in matrix of mitochondria exergonic reaction |
| Citric Acid Cycle | Acetyl CoA 2 turns Each turn releases 1 ATP, 2 C, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2 |
| Oxidative Phosphorylation (Electron transport chain & Chemiosmosis) | takes place in inner mitochondrial membrane |
| Cellular Respiration output | 30 to 32 ATP molecules depending on cellular conditions 2 from glycolysis, 2 from citric acid cycle, 26-28 from oxidative phosphorylation |
| Cellular Respiration | C6H12O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O |
| Photosynthesis | CO2 + H2O → C6H12O6 + O2 |
| Photosynthesis | light energy converted to chemical energy anabolic source of oxygen and energy |
| Photosynthesis | absorbs blue and red light reflects green light takes place in chloroplasts |
| Light reactions | photons excite chlorophyll molecules to higher energy state - electron extracted from photosystem II - travels to photosystem I - produces ATP excites molecule - produces NADPH |
| Light Reactions | |
| Calvin cycle | 3 phases (carbon fixation, reduction, regeneration of RuBP) 6 turns to produce 1 sugar molecule takes place in stroma |
| Carbon fixation | Takes an inorganic form of carbon and converts it into an organic form |
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