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| Question | Answer |
| Explain why the maintenance of a constant internal environment is important for optimal metabolic efficiency | 1. So that enzyme functions effectively 2. Variations will cause enzymes to denature |
| Chemical composition of enzymes | Globular proteins Made up of a chain of amino acids Protein molecules |
| Enzyme specificity | Induced fit theory Lock and key method |
| Factors affecting enzyme activity | Temperature Substrate concentration Ph. |
| Compare responses of named ectotherms and endotherms to temperature change | Ectotherms: limited ability to control its body temp. Eastern Brown snake if temperature increases during day it becomes active at night in winter it hibernates Endotherms: has ability to control its body temp. Fairy penguin has feathers which reduces heat loss and use burrow |
| Plant responses to temperature change | Cold conditions: intracellular ice formation causes dehydration so is avoided through altering solute concentration Hot desert conditions: keep their stomata’s open causing cooling through evaporation |
| Temperature regulation in Australian organisms | Behavioural: Frill necked lizard basks in the sun until adequate temp is reached Structural: Emu feathers act as an insulator to reduce heat gain or loss Physiological: Bilby has an extensive network of capillaries throughout the ear which aid in releasing heat to its surroundings |
| Technologies which allow measurement of oxygen saturation | Pulse oximeter: clip with sensor placed on finger which is further connected to a monitor which shows the pulse rate and oxygen saturation- non-invasive and reliable Arterial Blood gas: Involves removing blood from an artery and performing a blood test using a computer- invasive and used if PO is abnormal |
| Product of donated blood and its uses | Red Blood cells Platelets Plasma White Blood cells Immunoglobins |
| Compare arteries, capillaries and vein structures |
Artery carries blood away from heart thus requires thick layers in order to create enough pressure to pump the blood- quick flow
Veins bring blood to the heart thus require less pressure resulting in thinner walls-slow flow
Capillaries require thin layer to allow quick diffusion of gases through a thin medium and small lumen in order to allow slow flow
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| Changes in composition around the body | PULMONARY CIRCUIT (Lungs): • Blood enters the right atrium of the heart via the vena cava (major vein): o The blood is deoxygenated, and high in carbon dioxide o It is low in glucose and other nutrients; it is also high in urea, other nitrogenous wastes and various poisons. • As the heart beats, the right ventricle pumps the blood through the pulmonary artery, to the lungs: o Here the blood gains oxygen, and loses its carbon dioxide. o The blood then enters the left atrium via the pulmonary vein. SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT (Body): • The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the body through the aorta. • In the body, various changes occur to the blood. o The blood loses oxygen and gains carbon dioxide in all body cells, as respiration occurs. Glucose levels also drop. • In the LIVER: o Levels of glucose are regulated – excess glucose is changed to glycogen, or glycogen stores are changed to glucose (if needed) o Excess amino acids are changed to ammonia, and then to urea o Poisons are also reduced, as the liver changes them to less toxic forms • In the INTESTINES: |
| Need for removal of carbon dioxide in cell | Carbon dioxide in water creates carbonic acid, thus the cell becomes acidic. And enzymes can only function within a specific ph range |
| Theories about processes responsible for the movement of materials through plants in xylem and phloem tissue | XYLEM: Transpiration Cohesion Adhesion PHLOEM: SourcePathSink |
| Explain why the concentration of water in cells should be maintained within a narrow range for optimal function | Changes solute concentration, thus lowering ph. level. Enzymes will not function at optimal conditions to allow effective metabolic functions |
| Transverse and longitudinal sections of phloem tissue |
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| Transverse and longitudinal sections of xylem tissue |
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| Role of the kidneys in the excretory system of fish and mammals | In fish and mammals is the excretory and osmoregulatory organs(maintain osmotic pressure) |
| Structure of the kidney |
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| Compare the process of renal dialysis with the function of the kidney: | Kidneys - Active and passive transport is used throughout the nephron. - Uses a series of membranes (nephrons) which are selectively permeable - Continuous process; very efficient - Useful substances are reabsorbed actively by the kidney Renal Dialysis - Only passive transport is used - Also uses membranes (but artificial) which are selectively permeable - Slow process, occurs a few times a week for patients - Useful substances diffuse into blood from dialysing fluid, no reabsorption |
| Outline the role of ADH in the regulation of water and salt levels in blood | ADH is made in the hypothalamus in the brain but stored in the pituitary gland: - high salt concentration: ADH levels increased -low salt concentration: ADH levels decreased ADH does not control the levels of salt in the body. It controls the concentration of salt through water retention |
| Outline the role of Aldosterone in the regulation of water and salt levels in blood | Controls the amount of salt in the blood by regulating the re absorption of salt in the nephron -high salt levels: levels of aldosterone decreases - low salt levels: aldosterone increased |
| Define Enantiostasis | Enantiostasis is the maintenance of metabolic and physiological functions in response to variations in the environment |
| Importance of enantiostasis to estuarine organisms in maintaining appropriate salt concentrations | In an estuary salinity levels are always changing dramatically. Osmoconformers: alter the concentration of their internal solutes to match the external environement. Theirmetabolism is able to tolerate changes in salinity Osmoregulators: have mechanisms to exclude salt and keep the internal fluid concentration constant. |
| Structures in plants that assist in conservation of water | Eucalyptus: waxy, hard leaves> reduces water loss by reducing the rate of transpiration Grevillia: narrow leaves> reduced durface area, reducing transpiration |
| General use of hormone replacement therapy in people who cannot secrete aldosterone | The adrenal gland secretes aldosterone. Without aldosterone the body would not be able to reabsorb salt and this would cause severe dehydration and excessive potassium> this would result in brain damage and death. Fludrocortisone is an artificial hormone which can be used as a treatment for people who cannot secrete aldosterone and it performs the role of aldosterone |
| Compare and explain differences in urine concentration of terrestrial mammals, marine fish and freshwater fish |
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| Relationship between the conservation od water and the production and excretion of concentrated nitrogenous wastes in a range of Australian insects and animals | Ammonia: result of amino acid breakdown and is very toxic. It requires large volumes of water for removal and this is not possible for animals that seek to conserve water Aquatic animals and fish: these organisms directly release ammonia into the environment this uses alot of water but they have no need to conserve it thus it is excreted through the gills Terrestiral animals: releasing ammonia would be impossible due to lack of water . Instead land dwellers change ammonia into less toxic forms and release it periodically. Mammals change it into urea and excrete it as urine Birds and Insects: change ammonia into uric acid |
| Processes used by different plants for salt regulation in saline environments | Grey mangroves - Salt exclusion - Salt accumulation - Salt excretion Salt bushes - Salt accumulation |
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