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Description
Flashcards by Dolu Falowo, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Dolu Falowo
almost 7 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Where is the densest bone? | Petrous part of the temporal bone |
| How can the skeleton be divided? | Axial: skull, ribs and vertebrae Appendicular: lower/upper limbs and their girdle that connect them to the axial skeleton |
| Functions of the skeleton? | -Locomotion -Movement -Protection of vulnerable viscera (brain, heart and lungs) |
| What are smooth articular surfaces? What are they covered by? | -They make direct contact with another bone in a synovial joint -Covered by hyaline/articulating cartilage that is not vascular |
| What are tendons and ligaments? | Tendons: attach bones to skeletal muscles Ligaments: stabilise moveable joints (connects 2 bones) |
| Are ligaments, tendons or articular cartilage seen on plain-film radiographs or X-rays? If not what else can be used? | -Only the mineralised material shows -They are not seen, but appear as a gap between adjacent bones -MRI scans should be used to see these soft tissues |
| How are tendons formed? | -Collagen fibres in perimysium and epimysium are consilidated to form a dense irregular (non elastic) connective tissue structure that maximises efficiency of muscle contraction moving a bone |
| What is a aponeurosis? | A type of very thin flat sheet of tendon that attaches flattened muscles of the anterolateral wall of the abdominal wall |
| How are ligaments formed? | From tightly packed collagen bundles arranged in parallel so they can respond to stress in 1 direction |
| What is superficial fascia? | -Subcutaneous connective tissue that lies underneath and merges with the dermis of the skin -Fibrous fatty tissue -Consists of fibroblasts, aqueous matrix, elastin and collagen fibres, fat and macrophages |
| What is deep fascia? | -Covers and en-sheaths muscles -Helps to attach muscles to bones -Provides attachment for intermuscular septa which partition muscle groups -Mainly fibrous but can also contain sparse fat and fluid |
| What is retinacula? | Particularly thick deep fascia near the wrist and ankle. Forms tough fibrous bands |
| What is the structure of dense fascia in the limbs/neck? Function of dense fascia in the limbs? | -Forms non-expansile sleeves which invest groups of muscles in different layers allowing them to move over each other with minimal friction -Help with venous return, esp in the legs |
| What are bursae? | -Sacs lined with synovial membrane (smooth membrane) and are filled with fluid -Found wherever tendons rub against bones, ligaments or other tendons -Allow skin to move easily over bony prominences |
| Are tendons and ligaments vascularised? Implications? | No They heal slowly. When damaged, rest is needed |
| Examples of sites where superficial fascia is firmly/loosely attached Consequences of loosely attached superficial fascia? | Firm: palms of feet/hands, neck Loose: rest of the body eg. elbows, scalp It is easy to tear and infection can spread further |
| Areas where fatty deposition is thick/thin? Why is this of clinical relevance? | Thick: abdomen, thights Thin: forearm, hands/feet, neck, scalp Important for subcutaneous injections of lipid soluble medications. Greater thickness=more vasculature leading to greater absorption |
| Function of retinacula | -Holds tendons in place during joint movement -Allows particular movement |
| Where is the fascia lata? | Deep fascia of the thigh, buttock and leg apart from the anterior surfaces of tibia/groin |
| Advantages/disadvantages of compartments? | +vital in leg for venous return +movement can be exponential -inflammation/swelling can spread through the tissue since the intracellular septum is inelastic -compression of blood vessels can occur causing ischaemia/damaging nerves (compartment syndrome) |
| What is in the carotid sheath? Most medial/lateral? | Common carotid artery -medial Vagus nerve Internal jugular vein (most lateral) Cervical lymph nodes |
| Describe the fascia layers of the neck | |
| Give an examples of a: -long bone -short bone -flat bone -irregular bone | Long: femur, humerus Short: carpals, tarsals Flat: scapula, cranium Irregular: vertebrae, mandible |
| Location of sealed bursae What structures do they separate? | Elbows, shoulders, hips and around the patella Separates bones/tendons and ligaments/muscles |
| What are adventitious bursae? What is a synovial sheath? | They develop in response to abnormal and excessive friction Tubular bursa surrounding a tendon |
| What is a sesamoid bone? Examples? | When a bursa does not provide sufficient protection against friction Patella, little sesamoid bones in the metatarsals |
| Injury to the back of the throat can allow entry of pus, blood or air into the retropharyngeal space. Where can this spread to? | Oesophagus (leads to dysphagia) or trachea (dyspnoea- difficulty breathing) |
| What is tendonitis? Cause? | Inflammation of the tendon. Repetitive movements, sports (achilles- lunging sports and patella- basketball) |
| What is bursitis? Cause? | Swollen/inflammation of bursa Injury, repetitive movements |
| Why do ligament tears take 1 year for normal function to return after surgery? | -Graft needs to be incorporated into the bone -Healing phases: early graft healing phase, phase of proliferation, and ligamentisation phase |
| What are pressure sores? | Localised damage to skin/underlying tissue where there are bony prominences (shoulder blade, tail bone, elbows and heel) -Occur in elderly hospital patients who are immobile |
| What are joints? Different types? | -Articulations between adjacent bones -Must be able to resist dislocation by the forces which they are subjected to (joint stability) -Fibrous, cartilagenous and synovial joints (least stable but allow most movement) |
| What must be present for movement to occur in the musculoskeletal system? | -Skeletal muscle must cross the joint -When it contracts, one articulating bone is pulled over the other |
| What is the: -fulcrum -load arm -force arm? | Fulcrum: point where level rotates eg. a joint Load arm: part of the lever between the fulcrum and the load eg. body weight/external resistance Force arm: part of lever between fulcrum and force applied (usually applied via muscular contraction) |
| Describe first class levers | -Fulcrum is between the load arm and force arm -Used for balancing weight, changing direction of pull -Rarely any mechanical advantage |
| Describe second class levers | -Fulcrum is at one end of the lever and the applied force is at the other -Allows large loads to be moved but slowly |
| Describe third class levers | -Force is applied between the fulcrum and load which are at opposite ends -Less weight is moved but at a faster speed -Most common type in the body |
| What does losing stability of a joint cause? Define them | Dislocation: When 2/more normally opposing joint surfaces no longer have contact with each other Sublaxation: Disruption of a joint s that normally opposing joint surfaces have a space between them (ie. partial dislocation) |
| Difference between primary and secondary cartilagenous joints? | Primary: bones are united with hyaline cartilage, which occur temporarily during bone growth between the epiphysis and diaphysis of long bones (disappears in adulthood) Secondary: bones connected by fibrocartilage and occur down the axis of the body. Allow restricted movement |
| What do all synovial joints consist of? | -Articulating surfaces -Joint cavity -Articular capsule surrounding them -Associating structures: articular labrum, bursae, strengthening ligaments, articular discs |
| What does the degree of movement depend on? What is the degree of mobility reduced by? | -Shape of articulating surfaces -Bony processes and soft tissues surrouding the joint, additional ligaments, tension of the articular capsule, tone of muscles around it |
| What happens when muscles are paralysed? | Ligaments stretch and joint becomes deformed |
| What type of joint exists between bones of the skull of an infant and not an adult? | Fontanelles -Comprised of sutures -Provides flexibility to the skull allowing bones to push closer together or overlap slightly during birth |
| Examples of secondary cartilagenous joints? | -Manubriosternal joint (where angle of Louis is) -Intervertebral discs -Pubic symphysis |
| Describe a hinge joint Example? | Allows back and forth movement eg. flexion and extension at the elbow |
| Describe a plane joint Example? | The articulating surfaces are almost flat and the bones slide over each other Acromioclavicular joint |
| Describe a trochoid/pivot joint Example? | 1 element resembles a peg and is held against the other element allowing rotation Atlantoaxial joint |
| Describe a spheroidal/ball-and-socket joint Example? | One of the articulating surfaces is rounded and the other concave, allowing a wide range of movement like circumduction Shoulder/hip |
| Describe a condyloid joint Example? | Like a ball-and-socket but the extent of rotation is limited by shape, muscles and ligaments Metacarpopharyngeal joints |
| Describe an ellipsoid joint | Modification of a spheroidal joint but allows little/no rotation as the articulating surfaces are ellipsoid rather than rounded |
| Describe a sellar joint Example? | Both articulating surfaces are saddle-shaped- concave in 1 direction and convex in the other Thumb- 1st carpometacarpal joint |
| Describe the synovial joint | -Enclosed in a joint capsule separating the joint from surrounding tissues -Bones are lined with synovial membrane instead to articular cartilage -Synovial fluid is secreted -Capsule is reinforced by ligaments (intrinsic and accessory) -Sensory nerve supply prevents excessive movement of the joint + provides info about direction, rate and acceleration of movement |
| How does articular cartilage of a synovial joint get nourishment? | Diffuses from synovial fluid since it is avascular |
| Function of nucleus pulposus in the spine? ... annulus fibrosus? | Distributes hydraulic pressure in all directions within each intervertebral disc under compressible loads Withstands compressible forces |
| What is Hilton's law? | A nerve innervating muscles that act across a joint must also supply sensory fibres to that joint/skin |
| What techniques can be used to view joints? In which situation is each suitable? | X-rays: dislocations, fractures, osteoarthritis MRI: soft tissue injury Arthroscopy: knee/shoulders (minimally invasive, reduced scar tissue build-up) |
| Signs of osteoarthritis? | -Loss of joint space -Cyst formation -Osteophyte formation |
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