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| Question | Answer |
| What are monosaccharides? | The monomers that make up carbohydrates |
| What are the two forms of glucose? |
Alpha (α) and beta (β)
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| What is the structure of glucose? | A hexose monosaccharide (6 carbon atoms - e.g. glucose, fructose, galactose). The structure is in a ring for strength. |
| What are the uses of glucose? | A source of energy Used as "building blocks" for polysaccharides and disaccharides |
| What is the structure of ribose? |
A pentose sugar (5 carbon atoms - e.g. ribose, deoxyribose...)
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| What is the difference between disaccharide and polysaccharide? | A disaccharide is formed when two monosaccharides join together. A polysaccharide is formed when more than two monosaccharides join together. |
| Which monomers join together to form maltose? |
α-glucose + α-glucose
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| Which monomers join together to form sucrose? |
α-glucose + fructose
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| Which monomers join together to form lactose? |
galactose + glucose
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| What are the properties of polysaccharides? | Insoluble Not sweet to taste |
| What are the two types of polysaccharides? | Storage - tends to be folded to give a compact molecule (e.g. starch) Structural - tends to be coiled or straight-chained |
| There are two types of starch. What are they? | Amylose (unbranched polymer) Amylopectin (branched polymer) |
| What is the structure of amylose? |
α-glucose molecules
80% of starch
Coils into a helix held in place by hydrogen bonds that form between hydroxyl (-OH) groups
1-4 glycosidic bonds
Main storage molecule in plants
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| What is the structure of amylopectin? |
1-6 glycosidic bond between branches
1-4 glycosidic bonds between molecules in a chain
Main storage molecule in plants
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| What is the structure of glycogen? |
More branches than amylopectin for quicker build-up and breakdown of glycogen using enzymes
Compact = easy for storage
Shaped like a spiral/helix
1-6 glycosidic bonds
Main storage carbohydrate in mammals
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| What is the structure of cellulose? |
Straight chains
Form hydrogen bonds between chains of cellulose = strengthens them into larger sub-units called microfibrils
Every other β-glucose is flipped
1-4 glycosidic bonds
Confers structural strength in plant cell walls
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