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| Question | Answer |
| What does ventilation consist of? | Inspiration Expiration |
| What is ventilation controlled by? | It is controlled by the movements of the diaphragm, intercostal muscles and ribcage |
| What happens during inspiration? | External intercostal and diaphragm muscles contract Ribcage moves upwards and outwards, and diaphragm flattens, increasing volume of the throax Lung pressure decreases (below atmospheric pressure) Air flows into lungs |
| TRUE OR FALSE Inspiration is an active process | TRUE It requires energy |
| What happens during expiration? | External intercostal and diaphragm muscles relax Ribcage moves downwards and inwards, and diaphragm becomes curved again, decreasing thorax volume Lung pressure increases Air is forced out of the lungs |
| TRUE OR FALSE Expiration is an active process | FALSE It is a passive process - does NOT require energy |
| What happens during forced expiration? | The inner intercostal muscles contract to pull the ribcage down and in |
| How does a spirometer work? | A spirometer has an oxygen-filled chamber with a movable lid. As the person breathes in and out, the lid of the chamber moves up and down. A pen attached to the lid writes on a rotating drum, creating a spirometer trace. Soda lime in the tube absorbs CO₂ |
| What is tidal volume? | Volume of air in each breath (usually 0.4dm³) |
| What is vital capacity? | Maximum volume of air that can be breathed in or out |
| What is breathing rate? | How many breaths are taken per unit time (usually per minute) |
| What is oxygen uptake? | Rate at which a person uses up oxygen (e.g. the number of dm³ used per minute) |
| Complete the sentences: The total volume of gas in the chamber __________ over time; the air that is breathed out is a mixture of _____ and ____. The CO₂ is absorbed by the _____ _____, the oxygen gets used up by respiration and the total _________ decreases. | The total volume of gas in the chamber DECREASES over time; the air that is breathed out is a mixture of O₂ and CO₂. The CO₂ is absorbed by the SODA LIME, the oxygen gets used up by respiration and the total VOLUME decreases. |
| What must be done to get a valid reading? | The person must wear a nose clip The machine must be airtight |
| What does a spirometer trace look like? |
Image:
Image (binary/octet-stream)
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| How is oxygen uptake measured? | Oxygen uptake is the decrease in the volume of gas in the spirometer chamber |
| TRUE OR FALSE: On a spirometer trace, upwards = breathing out | TRUE |
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