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| Question | Answer |
| Define covalent bond | The strong electrostatic attraction between a shared pair of electrons and the nuclei of the bonded atoms |
| What is a dative covalent bond? |
In dative covalent (coordinate) bonding, one of the atoms provides both of the shared electrons
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| TRUE OR FALSE: Some compounds have less than 8 electrons in their outer shell, whilst some have more than 8 | TRUE |
| Give an example of a compound with fewer than 8 electrons in their outer shell |
In boron trifluoride, boron only has 6 electrons in its outer shell
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| Give an example of a compound with more than 8 electrons in their outer shell |
In sulphur hexafluoride, sulphur has 12 electrons in its outer shell. This is known as 'expanding the octet'.
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| TRUE OR FALSE: All covalent bonds are the same strength | FALSE Not all covalent bonds are the same strength |
| What determines the strength of a covalent bond? | Covalent bond strength differ depending on how much the outer atomic orbitals of the bonded atoms overlap, and how strongly the atomic nuclei are attracted to the shared electrons |
| What does the average bond enthalpy measure? | The average bond enthalpy measures the energy required to break a covalent bond |
| What happens to the average bond enthalpy when bond strength increases? | The stronger a bond is, the more energy is required to break it, and so the greater the value of the average bond enthalpy |
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