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Description
Flashcards by shweni savla, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by shweni savla
over 6 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| ALTRUISM | Altruism is a behavior that is aimed at benefiting another person. |
| Altruistic Behavior | It can be motivated by personal egotism or prompted by "peer" empathetic desire to benefit another person, irrespective of personal gain. |
| Egotism Motive | Egotism is the motive to perceive some sort of personal gain or benefit through targeted behavior. It has been heralded as one of the most influential of all human motives. |
| Egotism- Altruism camp | Believes that all altruistic actions produce an underlying benefit to the person who is doing the good deeds. For instance,"I help because it benefits me." |
| Forms of Egotism- Motivated Altruism (Self- benefiting actions that involve altruism) | *The helping person gets public praise or even a monetary reward, along with self - praise having done that which is good. *The helping person avoids social or personal punishments for failing to help. *The helping person may lessen his/her personal distress at seeing another's trauma. |
| Empathy Motive | Empathy is an emotional response to the perceived plight to another person. It involves the ability to match another person's emotions. |
| Empathy - Altruism Hypothesis | Batson, (1991) found that egotism sometimes does not appear to explain such helping behaviors. One eg addresses that people help atleast partially to avoid aversive arousal and negative emotions that may occur as a result of not helping another. *Recent Research supports the view that having emapthy for another leads to a greater likelihood of helping that other person. Because of efforts of Batson and other scholars,"pure" altruism arising from human empathy which is viewed as a viable underlying motive for helping. |
| Genetic & Neural Foundations of Empathy | *Areas that are essential for empathy: Prefrontal and Parietal cortices. It requires the capacity to form internal stimulations of another's bodily or mental states. *Damage to Prefrontal cortex -> Impairments in appraising the emotions of other people. |
| Cultivating Altruism | *Egotism- Based approaches to enhancing Altruistic Actions *Empathy- Based approaches to enhancing Altruistic Actions *Values - Based approaches to enhancing Altruistic Actions |
| Egotism- Based approaches to enhancing Altruistic Actions | It is used in enabling people to realize that they can help and Because of such actions, have higher self - esteem. It has been found that people feel good about helping others and one way is through community volunteer work and also local agencies dealing with disabled people, hospitals, etc. |
| Empathy- Based approaches to enhancing Altruistic Actions | *One approach to frequently interact with people who need help to break with their propensity to view interpersonal matters in terms of "us versus them". *Secondly, point out similarities to improve empathy; To make each other understand that we are all part of the same 'Grand Journey'. *Lastly, uniqueness is good but it can make it difficult for one person to connect with others; Try to share more characteristics so it increases the propensity of 'walk in the shoes of others'. |
| Values - Based Approaches to enhancing Altruistic Actions | *Personal Values affecting Altruistic Behavior : Research by Hitlin (2007) found that individuals who strongly value prosocial acts, it eventually becomes a part of their identity and volunteering becomes an important source of self - esteem (working to engender personal responsibility). *Social Values affecting Altruistic Behavior : Batson and colleagues (2009) posit that collectivism as an ideology may be a form of altruistic behavior which affects an entire community; Looking towards society and cultures through WE perspective rather than a ME perspective, may reveal people walking toward Altruistic Behavior. |
| Measuring Altruism | *Self - Report Altruism Scale : By Rushton, Chrisjohn & Fekken (1981), a validated 20-item index for adults. *Prosocial Behavior Questionnaire : By Weir & Duveen(1981), a 20- item rating index used by teachers to report prosocial behaviors. *Ethical Behavior Rating Scale : By Hill and Swanson (1985), a 15- item teacher rating instrument. *Helping Attitude Scale : By Nickell (1998), a self - report instrument 20 - item measure that taps beliefs, feelings, and behavior related to helping. |
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