1262188
Description
Flashcards by victoria russ, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by victoria russ
about 10 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Basic Research (aka basic science) | explores questions that are really interesting to psychologists but have no immediate, real-world application. |
| applied research (aka applied science) | when the scientist has clear and practical reasons and applications for her study. |
| cross-sectional study vs. longitudinal study | Cross-Sectional: uses participants of different ages to compare how certain variables may change over the life span. Longitudinal: examines one group of participants over a long period of time |
| validity | the test is valid or reliable |
| reliability | Reliability refers to the extent to which a test or other instrument is consistent in its measures |
| hindsight bias | is the tendency to believe,once the outcome is already known that you would have forseen it even though its over you know the outcome you knew it all along |
| naturalistic observation: psychologists study behavior in "real settings" to see behavior occur in its most natural state. Goal is NOT to interfere or intervene. Ex. Jane Goodall's study of the wild chimpanzees | |
| Positive Correlation: when two variables go in the SAME direction | |
| Negative correlation-here the two variables go in DIFFERENT directions. | |
| scatterplot- a graph shows a cluster of dots that represent two variables | |
| research technique study one person in depth in hope of revealing universal principles | Case Study Ex. Phineas Gage H.M. Genie Secret of a Wild Child |
| What kind of research method would I use if say I wanted to prove that eggs CAUSE gas? | an experiment |
| operational definitions | A detailed statement of the procedures or ways in which a researcher is going to conduct their experiment |
| hypothesis | an educated guess; a testable prediction Ex. Eating lots of boiled eggs causes gas. |
| population | All of the individuals in the group to which the study applies. |
| sample | the small group of participants out of the total number available that a researcher studies |
| random assignment | commonly used experimental technique; researcher randomly assigns participants to experimental group vs. control group (any, many, miney, mo); helps ensure that the treatment group and the control group are the same before treatment |
| Independent Variable (I.V.) | in an experiment the variable that the researcher manipulates (controls) |
| Dependent variable "depends" on the dependent variable | |
| Dependent variable (D.V.) | what is being measured in an experiment |
| a fake treatment or no treatment; given to the control group | |
| extraneous or confounding variables | Confounding variables are BAD and you do NOT want them in your experiment. These variables are anything that causes changes in the dependent variable that is not the independent variable. For example if some of your subjects took Beano gas pills during the experiment. |
| single blind experiment | type of experiment in which the participants do NOT know if they are part of the experimental group |
| double blind experiment | neither the researcher or the participants know who is actually receiving the independent variable |
| Single blind experiment eliminates participant bias (aka Hawthorne effect) Double blind experiment eliminates both participant & researcher bias. | |
| our tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions & ignore contradictory evidence | |
| experiment bias aka researcher bias | tendency for researchers to selectively notice evidence that supports their hypothesis |
| participant bias | response bias occurs in a study when a participant responds in a certain way because they know they are being observed or they believe they know what the researcher wants |
| Self-fulfilling prophecy | a belief that leads to its own fulfillment |
| false consensus effect | When we overestimate how much other people share our beliefs and behaviors |
| mean | the average score |
| median | arrange data (we'll use test scores for the example) from highest to lowest score, the score in the middle is the median score |
| mode | the most frequently occurring score |
| normal curve (aka Bell Curve) | |
| standard deviation | a measure of how much scores vary from the mean (average) |
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