1271982
| Question | Answer |
| cell division | process by which cells make more cells; includes binary fission and the cell cycle (meiosis and mitosis) |
| binary fission | cell division in bacteria and archaeons |
| gametes | egg and sperm |
| prokaryotic cells | a unicellular organism without a nucleus |
| eukaryotic cells | a cell with a true nucleus |
| cell cycle | describes the life of a eukaryotic cell; phases include: G1, S, G2, and M |
| M phase | the parent cell divides; meiosis or mitosis |
| G1 phase | "gap" phase; regulatory proteins are made and activated |
| S phase | "synthesis" phase; DNA is replicated |
| G2 phase | "gap" phase; cell makes lipids and enzymes |
| karyotype | the organized portrait by number and shape of chromosomes representative of a species |
| haploid | a cell with 1 set of chromosomes; n |
| diploid | cells with 2 sets of chromosomes; 2n |
| sister chromatids | two identical DNA copies attached at a centromere |
| mitosis |
autosomal cell division;
"nuclear division";
starts with a diploid cell and ends with two diploid cells
Image:
mitosis.gif (image/gif)
|
| cytokinesis | cytoplasmic division |
| non-sister chromatids | chromatids attached to different centromeres |
| crossover | the physical breakage and reunion between nonsister chromatids; occurs in prophase I |
| meiosis |
division of sex cells into gametes;
consists of two parts
Image:
meiosis (image/jpg)
|
| allele | different form of a gene |
| homologous chromosomes | pair of duplicated chromosomes |
| Gregor Mendel | father of genetics; discovered genes, not traits, are inherited |
| trait | a characteristic |
| dominant | the trait that always appears in the F1 generation if present A |
| recessive | the contrasting trait from a dominant trait that only appears in the F1 generation if the dominant trait is not present a |
| genotype | a combination of alleles |
| phenotype | the physical expression of a genotype |
| principle of segregation (Mendel's Law of Segregation) | the separation of alleles into different gametes |
| principle of independent assortment (Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment) | the segregation of one set of alleles of a gene pair is independent of the segregation of another set of alleles of a different gene pair |
| pedigree |
diagram of ancestral relationships among individuals
Image:
pedigree (image/png)
|
| autosomes | chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes; 23 pairs of autosomes in humans |
| sex chromosomes | X and Y chromosomes; the 24th pair of chromosomes in humans |
| nondisjunction | chromosomes that fail to separate normally in meiosis |
| linked | different alleles on the same chromosome |
| recombinants | an offspring with a different combination of alleles from that of either parent resulting from one or more crossovers in prophase I |
| formula for total possible number of unique gametes | 2^n where n = haploid number |
| Dominant Disease | a disease that shows up in all generations and affects males and females equally; Huntington's; Aa or AA |
| Recessive Disease | a disease that usually shows up in every other generation and affects males and females equally; cystic fibrosis, tay-sachs, sickle cell anemia; aa |
| Sex-Linked Recessive Disease (X-Linked Recessive Disease) | diseases that affect each generation equally and predominates in males; color blindness, hemophilia; (X^n)(X^n), (X^n)(Y) |
| homozygous (pure-breed) | AA or aa |
| heterozygous | Aa |
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