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Some types of ionising radiation can be used to diagnose or treat some medical conditions.
What does ionising radiation mean?
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Ionising radiation is radiation that can cause electrons to be removed from atoms or molecules.
Ionising radiation includes very high energy (high Frequency) electromagnetic radiation such as: ultraviolet, X-ray and gamma.
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| Radioactive emissions arise from u__________ atomic nuclei because of an imbalance between the numbers of protons and n_____________. These are called r__________________ isotopes. To try and become s_______, radioactive isotopes s_______ up in a process called ________________ decay and emit radioactive radiation. | Radioactive emissions arise from UNSTABLE atomic nuclei because of an imbalance between the numbers of protons and NEUTRONS. These are called RADIOACTIVE isotopes. To try and become STABLE, radioactive isotopes SPLIT up in a process called RADIOACTIVE decay and emit radioactive radiation. |
| What does radioactive half-life mean? | The half-life is the TIME TAKEN for the number of radioactive nuclei (or the mass of radioactive nuclei) to reduce to half its initial value. |
| The time to go from: • 100 to 50 % is one half-life (8 days) • 50 to 25 % is one half-life (8 days) • 25 to 12.5 % is one half-life (8 days) • 2.5 to 6.25 % is one half-life (8 days) Therefore the time to go down from 100 % to 12.5 % = 24 days or 3 half-lives | |
| An alpha particle is the same as the ____________ of a ____________ atom i.e. two protons and two _________. | An alpha particle is the same as the NUCLEUS of a HELIUM atom i.e. two protons and two NEUTRONS. |
| A beta particle is a high velocity _________ which comes out of the ______________ of an atom. | A beta particle is a high velocity ELECTRON which comes out of the NUCLEUS of an atom. These electrons do NOT come from the electron shells around the nucleus. They form when a neutron splits into a proton and an electron. The electron then shoots out of the nucleus at high speed. |
| Gamma radiation is high ________ (high frequency) ______________________ radiation. | Gamma radiation is high ENERGY (high frequency) ELECTROMAGNETIC radiation. |
| Radiation can be absorbed by substances in its path. Different types of radiation have different penetrating power. Alpha particles are the __________ penetrating and can be stopped by a thin sheet of __________ or the skin. | Alpha particles are the LEAST penetrating and can be stopped by a thin sheet of PAPER or the skin. |
| ___________ radiation is the most penetrating and is not even completely stopped by several meters of ______ or concrete and will pass straight through the human ______. | GAMMA radiation is the most penetrating and is not even completely stopped by several meters of LEAD or concrete and will pass straight through the human BODY. |
| Examples of ionising radiation are: A alpha particles, beta particles and radio waves B radio waves, X-rays and gamma rays C alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays | C Alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays are all types of ionising radiation. |
| X-rays are able to pass through the human ______. As they pass through, the energy from X-rays is _______________ at different rates by different parts of the body. A _____________ on the other side of the body picks up the X-rays after they’ve passed through and turns them into an __________. | X-rays are able to pass through the human BODY. As they pass through, the energy from X-rays is ABSORBED at different rates by different parts of the body. A DETECTOR on the other side of the body picks up the X-rays after they’ve passed through and turns them into an IMAGE. |
| Dense parts of the BODY that X-rays find it more ______________ to pass through, such as _____, show up as _________ areas on the image. ___________ parts that X-rays can pass through more _________, such as your heart and _______, show up as _________ areas. | Dense parts of the BODY that X-rays find it more DIFFICULT to pass through, such as BONE, show up as WHITE areas on the image. SOFTER parts that X-rays can pass through more EASILY, such as your heart and LUNGS, show up as DARKER areas. |
| CAT scans are formed by processing together a large number of __-____ images taken around an axis. The many ____ dimensional (flat) images are then combined to form a three dimensional _______ of the body. | CAT scans are formed by processing together a large number of X-RAY images taken around an axis. The many TWO dimensional (flat) images are then combined to form a three dimensional IMAGE of the body. |
| Are X-rays and CAT scans safe? | X-rays are ionising radiation and therefore are able to damage body cells. As a precaution, only the part of the body being examined is exposed to a low level of radiation. Being exposed to X-rays does carry a very small risk of causing cancer many years or decades later. |
| Ultrasound is the name given to sound waves with _____ frequencies. These frequencies cannot be _______ by humans. Ultrasound has many applications in medicine. These include: • safe monitoring of a foetus during ____________ • diagnosis of ___________ | Ultrasound is the name given to sound waves with HIGH frequencies. These frequencies cannot be HEARDby humans. Ultrasound has many applications in medicine. These include: • safe monitoring of a foetus during PREGNANCY • diagnosis of DISEASES |
| Unlike __-_____, ultrasound waves are not ionising. This means they are _______ to use when performing a foetal scan. | Unlike X-RAYS, ultrasound waves are not ionising. This means they are SAFE to use when performing a foetal scan. |
| The _________ camera is an imaging technique which can be used in diagnosing _________. It involves using a gamma detector (__________) together with a _____________ isotope which is attached to special drugs, called __________, which carry the radioisotope to the ________ being investigated. | The GAMMA camera is an imaging technique which can be used in diagnosing CANCER. It involves using a gamma detector (CAMERA) together with a RADIOACTIVE isotope which is attached to special drugs, called TRACERS, which carry the radioisotope to the ORGAN being investigated. |
| The injected __________ carries the radioisotope to the part of your _____ under investigation. The radioisotope gives off ___________ rays, which are detected by a gamma camera. The information is passed to a computer which produces an ________. A gamma camera scan will show how well an _________ or part of your body is working. | The injected TRACER carries the radioisotope to the part of your BODY under investigation. The radioisotope gives off GAMMA rays, which are detected by a gamma camera. The information is passed to a computer which produces an IMAGE. A gamma camera scan will show how well an ORGAN or part of your body is working. |
| Radiotherapy is a treatment involving the use of __________ radiation. It is commonly used to treat ____________. | Radiotherapy is a treatment involving the use of IONISING radiation. It is commonly used to treat CANCER. |
| The ionising ___________ used during radiotherapy damages the _____ of cancer cells. As a result the cancer cells _____ or reproduce more slowly. | The ionising RADIATION used during radiotherapy damages the DNA of cancer cells. As a result the cancer cells DIE or reproduce more slowly. |
| ____________ radiotherapy involves using a __________ which focuses __-_____ at the ___________. | EXTERNAL radiotherapy involves using a MACHINE which focuses X-RAYS at the CANCER. |
| _____________ radiotherapy involves using a ________________ isotope such as iodine-131 that is taken as a drink or ____________ into a vein. | INTERNAL radiotherapy involves using a RADIOACTIVE isotope such as iodine-131 that is taken as a drink or INJECTED into a vein. |
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Drugs are substances that change chemical _____________ in the body.
Medical drugs relieve ___________ and illness, and are extensively ___________ before being used.
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Drugs are substances that change chemical REACTIONS in the body.
Medical drugs relieve DISEASE and illness, and are extensively TESTED before being used.
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| A placebo is a: A new drug that is released for clinical trials B tested drug whose effect on patients is well known C fake drug | C A placebo is a fake drug that has no effect on the body. |
| Clinical testing can made more reliable by stopping the observer making biased observations. This is done by using: A blind trials B double-blind trials C animal testing | B In a double-blind trial, the volunteers do not know which group they are in, and neither do the researchers. This removes the chance of ‘observer bias’ and makes the results more reliable. |
| Aspirin and paracetamol: A can be used to destroy bacterial infections B do not destroy bacteria but relieve the symptoms of a disease C destroy bacteria and relieve the symptoms of a disease | B Aspirin is used to relieve pain, fever, and inflammation in various conditions such as: • lower back and neck pain • the ‘flu’ and colds • headache • rheumatoid arthritis • nerve pain, toothache • muscle pain It also has anticlotting properties and may be used to prevent a: • heart attack • stroke. |
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