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Flashcards by Emily Bevis, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Emily Bevis
over 6 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| How did Kenndy's assassination impact LBJ? | - A sense of change felt by Congress/public - 'success' of the Great Society ? - LBJ used sympathy to pass legislation - e.g. civil rights and poverty bills - sympathy also allowed Democrat victory in 1964 - Used Kennedy's 'start' as an excuse to continue and increase Vietnam involvement |
| What was Johnson's Great Society? | The identification and support of those who were forgotten by the affluent 'American Dream'. - increased involvment of the federal gov - racial equality, end of poverty, educational reform, modern housing - 75% approval rating and sympathy allowed LBJ to pass legislation |
| Great Society and POVERTY | - most important element of reform? - "unconditional war on poverty" - Economic Opportunity Act passed by Congress = Office of $ Opportunity (OEO) By 1965 - 44 states had anti-poverty programmes - 35,000 college stdents on work-stdy programmes = earn federal $ - 35,000 adultts learning to read/write - 90,000 adults in basic education - 53 Job Corps = job training - 25,000 welfare fams on job training - Loans for small businesses/rural development - $17 mil rural loans (1968) |
| Great society and HEALTH | - Elderly = large proportion of US poor - 1965 = MEDICARE - federal funded health insurance for 65+ and disabled - 1968 = MEDICAID - federal financial aid to states for essential medical treatments - 1966 = 19 million helped - by 1976 = 20% of US poplation benefit - Very popular = nobody dare to oppose |
| Problems with health reform? | - gaps in Medicare and Medicaid = glasses not covered - more $ than expected - $1.3 billion = 1965 to $2+ billion = 1966 - Problem of reasonably priced healthcare remained by 1970s |
| What problems were there with education in 1964? | - Problems in 1964 = 54 million never finished High School = 100,000 not afford college = Schools overcrowded = 8 million had less than 5 years of education |
| Great Society and EDUCATION | - most contraversial reform? - believed to be responsibility of states - BUT LBJ doubled federal $ to $8 billion - 1965 = Elementary and Secondary Education Act - 1965 = Higher Education Act - By end of Pres = 13 mill benefitted - 1970 = 25% of college students $$ from HEA - % of HS dimploma's rose - Teacher shortages ended |
| Great Society and URBAN PROBLEMS | - inner cities = poverty, poor schools and :( housing - Johnson struggle to achieve all his suggested refroms - Housing and Urban development department = support the 2/3rds of citizens with housing shortages - Demonstration Cities Act = 1966 = hihgly underfunded with only $1.2 billion (need double that) - Omnibus Housing Act = 1965 = financed rent supplement and low house income - Fair Housing Act = 1968 = unsuccessful |
| Great Society decrease | - late 1960s = struggle between federal funding on GS or Vietnam War - $$ for Vietnam was underestimated - Between 1965-73 = $15.3 billion on GS and $120 billion on VW - War caused inflation/tax rises = unpopularity towards GS - "unrealistic dream" ? |
| Arguments the Great Society was successful | - 19 million people :) from Medicare/aid - Unemployment 1967 = 3.9% (LOW) - Min. wage = up 35 cents - Population in poverty = decrease by 7% in 1970 - Federal spending on poor = increase by $7 billion ($20) = 1966 - 50,000 students benefit from Upward Bound programme (fed $ higher educ) |
| Arguments that the Great Society was unsuccessful | - Liberals disappointed by amount acheived? - end poverty ?? - 1/3 non-white families lived bellow poverty line and unemployment rate = x2 white rate - 'silent majoirty' = :( at having to subsidise the poor - Rate of expenditure = unsustainable |
| 1964 Presidential Election | - Able to link campaign to legacy of JFK = sympathy - Rep. opponent = Goldwater - v. conservative and anti 1964 CR act - campaign suffered due to his controversial statements - JFK manipulate :) - ‘Daisy girl’ ads oppose Goldwaters extreme view on arms and FP - LBJ won 61% popular v - Goldwater = minimal success - only in Deep South - Democrats dominate Congress also - biggest HOR majority since 1936 - imp. Congress control to achieve legislation success of Great Society |
| Economy at the start of Johnson's presidency | - GNP rose to 39% - $4-5b extra revenue from Kennedy's proposed tax cut - BUT aware of Vietnams growing strain on the economy |
| Economy 1964-66 | 1964 = low unemployment, limited inflation, :) GNP growth, 43 month unbroken business expansion 1965 = signs of overheating economy so force TUs/industries to follow wage guides = reduce inflation 1966 = :) view of past 5 years as -tax wages up 35% and unemploy. at 13 year low = BUT inflation at 10 year high = due to pressure wages/prices rose !! |
| Economy 1967 | - over $10b budget deficit = forced to increase tax - 4.5% rise in prices and interest - GNP worst since 1960 recession BUT end of year = GNP up 4.5% and unemployment -0.1% (3.8%) - 60% believe cost of living = biggest problem |
| Economy 1968 | - BIG problems - $19.8b fed. budget deficit - dollar weakened by trade deficit ($4b) and dying gold reserves (-40%) |
| Summary of LBJ economy | - average growth rate $ = 4.1% - National debt = 40% (down from 60% 1960) - avoided signif. recession - BUT inflation at 4.7% :( - :( impact of VW |
| What were Johnson’s 3 acts in support of civil rights? | 1) Civil Rights Act 1964 2) Voting Rights Act 1965 3) Fair Housing Act/CR Act 1968 |
| 1964 Civil Rights Act | - gave Federal Gov power to end legal segregation in South - outlawed public discimination - Equal emplpyment commissiion established - part of Great Society = 'racial equality' - 68% of citizens supported Act - BUT 54 day filibuster by Dixiecrats = delaying bill in Congress - little to improve race relations = violent race riots - little to overcome voting discrimination - George Wallace attract southern support = Demo suffered |
| 1965 Voting Rights Act | - Voting Rights not addressed in 1964 - forced to act by Kings campaign in Selma - abolished impossible literacy tests - establishment of ‘Federal registrars’ = all needed was proof of citizenship and registration form - If still denied vote = dealt with by Fed. Gov |
| What impact did the 1965 Voting Act have? | - 1966 = only 4 southern states had less than half of Af-Am population registered to vote - 1968 = even Mississippi had 59% AA registered - By 1980 Black registration only 7% less than white - led to more AA elected into office |
| 1968 Fair Housing Act | - follow to 1964 CR act - prohibited discrimination during sale/rental/finance of housing - Housing and Urban Development dep. investigate act enforcement - BUT act limited as gave Gov no new enforcement powers |
| Other ways LBJ helped Black Americans | - GS education reforms benefit AA students - 20% more students graduate H.School (60%) - Medicare/aid half infant mortality rate - Fed. $ manipulated so desegregated schools got more $ = 88% of Southern schools deseg. by 1965 - ‘Affirmative action’ - 1967 = Thurgood Marshall Black SC judge |
| What prevented Johnson achieving more for civil rights? x6 | 1) TAX = GS spending already high - 50% fed $ spent on poor 2) CONGRESS = reflect 70% of whites against black/white neighbourhoods 3) VIETNAM = $ and attention distracted 4) BLACK POWER = summer of riots - 1964-66 riots in 38 cities 5) LOCALS = rely on reluctant local enforcement 6) HE COULDN'T = probem so deep rooted but society opposed large reform too qucikly |
| Name Kings 3 peaceful campaigns 1963-65 | 1) St Augustine, Florida 1964 2) Mississippi Freedom Summer 1964 3) Selma 1965 |
| Florida 1964 | - St Augustine - target cities with max media response - SCLC and NAACP - sit-ins, swim-ins, wade-ins - provoked local violence - put pressure of LBJ |
| Mississippi 1964 | - SNCC and CORE - only 6.2% on Voting rolls - draw attention to violent response when voting - 3 activists found murdered (by KKK) which highlighted lack of federal protection - work to register/educate voters with 41 Freedom Schools |
| Impact of Mississippi Freedom Summer | - only 1600/17,000 Af-Am residents were successful in attempted voter registration - Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party successful in getting few members seated at National Convention - Throughout = 1000+ arrests and 37 churches bombed - SNCC angry at high King focus but little gov response |
| Selma 1965 | - 15,000 Black population but only 23 registered to vote - Local sherif - Clarke = racist - failed march attempt to court house - Clarke seen poking elderly black citizens and using electric cattle prod on students - murder of J.L Johnson by police = :((( - ‘Bloody Sunday’ evoked nat. criticism as protesters attacked with tear gas - End of month = 25,000 protesters march (biggest in South) |
| Impact of Selma? | - arguably saw the start in rise of militant black power as the peaceful campaigns turned violent - Influential factor in passing 1965 Voting Rights Act - imp. in gaining widespread sympathy for Civil Rights movement - BUT events saw a split between SCLC and SNCC |
| Conditions of inner-city ghettos | - tough lifestyle due to defacto/'white flight' segregation - overcrowding, high levels of crime, only factory employment available - inner city schools = low achievement - only 32% of Af-Am graduate (56% white) - black teenagers = 2x more likely to be unemployed. - 46% of all blacks = unemployed - income = 53% less than national av. - housing unsafe - creation of a POVERTY TRAP = difficult to break out of - NY, LA Washington DC, Detroit |
| Summer of ghetto riots | - between 1965-68 = 238 race riots in over 200 cities - Most cities outside of south - Millions of dollars of damage - over 100 deaths - Watts, LA - 1965 = sparked by police brutality towards black drunk driver - required 14,000 troops and $40m in damage |
| Consequence of riots | - worsening race relations - White americans became even more unsympathetic - Selfish attitude as black imprvement meant higher taxes and harm own prospects - Johnson felt betrayed by riots as felt he had worked hard for refom - Emergence of black power - away from King's peaceful campaign - showed need for socio-economic focus |
| What were King's 2 peaceful campaigns 1966-68 | 1) Chicago, 1966 (and later rally) 2) Poor People's Campaign 1967-68 |
| Chicago 1966 | - 700,000 of 3m inhabitants = black - Ghettos meant owercrowding in South/west of city - BUT problematic campaign - SCLC little organisation/relgious appeal to nothern ghettos - Major Daley met with King but didn't keep his promises - No police bruality = less media - Rally attended by 30,000 = disappointment as expected 100,000 - In march rocks and bricks thrown |
| Outcome of 1966 Chicago campaign | - little success - won $4m federal grants from Johnson - BUT sense that SCLC had just abandoned after little success |
| Poor people's campaign 1967-68 | - response to Chicago failures - ambitious plans along Washington mall with people of all races - put pressure on congressmen - Supported by Robert Kennedy - BUT postponed until summer 1968 - Assassinated before could take place |
| Nation of Islam | - Malcolm X as key leader - saw little point of integration - drew attention to the awful conditions of the ghettos - insulted King's "dream" as a "nightmare" - Black power movement and violence - create government suspicion of civil rights movement - as high as 250,000 members 1969 - Inspired black self-confidence/religious outlook - BUT groups ideals = unrealistic |
| Position of SNCC and CORE in 1966 | - division emerge after frustrations of lack of King progress? - both groups became more radical - CORE declared acceptable use of violence - Both excluded white membership - 1968 SNCC merged with Black Panthers - link with James Meredith death |
| Black Panthers | - wanted to end police brutality, encourage full employment, improve housing, fair juries, black freedom - popular among AA working class - Newpaper = readership of 1m - 1968 = 'survival programmes' - Freedom schools, encourage health clinics and free school meals - 'Patrol with the pigs' = surveillance - BUT lack of respect due to criminal/violent nature of leaders - Huey Newton = charged rapist |
| Positives of the Black Power movement | - provided practical help to those desperate in ghettos - keep issues on political agenda - connected with the NORTH + working cl. - create a more positive image of Black communtities - e.g. 1966 Marion Barry fight for local school administration - encouraged Af-Am to be proud of their culture/history/heritage |
| Emergence of a protest culture in 1960s | - high wealth, low unemployment/inflation - BUT decade of protests - emergence of a 'counterculture' - no single group - Hippies, B.Panthers, Feminsits, Peaceniks - felt need for radical change against traditional system of elections |
| Student protests | - 'New Left' as criticise trad. US policies - Vietnam, CW, wealth inequality - 1964, Free Speech movement - California - Vietnam = big issue - start of 1968 = 221 campaigns at Unis - BUT students lacked centre point = weakend campaigns - Criticisims of curriculum turned into :( about Uni buying land from poor |
| Emergence of the Hippie movement | - San Francisco beame centre point - 1967 - Human be-in = march to celebrate freedom/environmentalism - Summer of Love = music festivals - hundreds of thousands attended -ALSO Woodstock, 1969 = NY rock festival |
| Impact of hippie developments | Large flexibility of 'American dream' highlighted as diversity of people and issues in 1960s contrasted to 1970 Nixon election |
| Concerns of women in the 1960s | - No. of working women = 23m in 1960 :) - 64% of women over 16+ not employed - Only 30% of married mothers had payed jobs in 1960 - Payed 57% less than men - wider in 1969 than 1963 - Many concern with female identity as believed to be defiined by men - Friedan |
| Radical Feminists | - Romantic love = pyschological trap - Gloria Steinen = outspoken ciritic of Vietnam War, linked black power and feminist movement - BUT by end of 1960s radicals largely split from NOW - Attikinson + 'the Feminists' banned married women and men |
| National Organisation of Women | - Pressure Group (NOW) - Betty Friedan - Equal Rights Amendment to protect equal rights of men/women |
| What were Johnsons 2 legal successes for the position of women? | 1) 1967, Exec. order outlawing sexual discrimination in any fed working company 2) Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) Also promise employ 50 women into top positions |
| Lorena Weeks | - 1967, Southern Bell v Weeks - Lorena Weeks challenge company as they promote lower qualified man - Her victory set judicial precident for future |
| NOW and the legal system | - Southern Bell v Weeks - 1966 Jane Daniel = given more time than male partner for robbery - Emergence of reproductive rights campaigns - NOW pressure politicans for Bill of Rights for Women 1968 |
| Success of women's movement | - 1964 CR Act amendment of equal female rights - LBJ's executive orders - Southern Bell v Weeks - BUT Equal Rights amendment failed - Fadicals create disunity/neg reputation - Little abortion success until 1973 - Feminist movement/separatism seen as unattractive?? |
| Anti-War protests | - 47% supported sending more troops - Part of unorganised student movement - Students for a Democratic society (SDs) - protests in Boston, Madison, Seattle 1964 - 1964 men burnt their draft cards - Congress and Thurmond made it illegal - Gained large media publicity - Berkley protesters used smoke bombs against police - 1967 = 70,000 attend rally against police |
| Role of the media in 1960s protests | - 1964 = 24% homes had colour TV - 'Bloody Sunday' coverage in Selma = Northern support for Voting Rights Act - BUT ghetto riots/violence = less support - TV focused on movement extremes - Black Panthers and Hippies - Vietnam War = first 'televised war' and show the true brutalities |
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