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Description
Flashcards by Amar Malik, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Amar Malik
over 6 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Jean-Baptiste Lamarck | He believed evolution would happen by acquired traits Creatures develop their traits and then give them to their offspring This was not accepted as valid |
| Charles Darwin | He believed that giraffes that already have long necks will survive better This would leave more offspring who inherit their long necks. Concluded based on variation, selection and survival, and reproduction and inheritance of more fit traits Accepted as valid |
| Natural Selection | Organisms with traits well suited to an environment are more likely to survive and produce more offspring than organisms without those favorable traits |
| What factors drive evolution? | Overproduction Variation Selection Competition |
| Because of natural selection, what organisms can adapt to their environment? | Populations of organisms |
| Survival of the Fittest | Organisms with traits that make them well adapted, or suited to the environment, survive and reproduce |
| What are Darwin's two theories? | Descent with Modification Modification by Natural Selection |
| Descent with Modification | The newer forms appearing in the fossil record are actually the modified descendants of older species Organisms similar to each other come from a common ancestor, while organisms more dissimilar come from a more remote ancestor |
| Modification by Natural Selection | States how evolution occurs Organisms having traits that make them better suited for survival tend to leave more offspring than organisms with fewer traits |
| What are the different types of evidence that support evolution? | Fossils Biogeography Anatomical Structures Comparative Embryology Similarities in Macromolecules |
| Fossils | Found in sedimentary rocks Rocks with imprints of dead matter or hard body parts of an organism |
| Mold | Imprint in rock in the shape of an organism |
| Cast | Forms when mold are filled with hard minerals |
| Biogeography | The study of the geographical distribution of fossils and of living organisms New organisms arise in areas when similar forms already lived |
| What are the three types of anatomical structures? | Homologous Structures Analogous Structures Vestigial Structures |
| Homologous Structures | Structures that are similar but have different functions |
| Analogous Structures | Similar functions but differ in structure |
| Vestigial Structures | Features that were useful to an ancestor, but they are not useful to the modern organism that hast them |
| Comparative Embryology | Closely related organisms often have similar stages in their embryonic development All vertebrate embryos are similar |
| Similarities in Macromolecules | The more similar homologous proteins are in different species, the more closely related the species are thought to be |
| What are the patterns of evolution? | Convergent Evolution Coevolution Divergent Evolution |
| Convergent Evolution | Acquiring the same biological trait independently Example: Flight The hummingbird and moth's last common ancestor did not have wins, they acquired them independently |
| Coevolution | Changes of two or more species in close association with each other |
| Divergent Evolution | Two or more related populations or species become more and more dissimilar Divergence is nearly always a response to differing habitats and can result in new species |
| What are two divergent patterns? | Adaption Radiation Canis familiaris |
| Adaption Radiation | Many related species evolve from a single ancestral species |
| Species | A group of individuals that look similar and whose members are capable of producing fertile offspring in the natural environment |
| Canis familiaris | Artifical Selection (divergent pattern) All domestic dogs are the same species |
| Classification | The arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities Also known as taxonomy |
| Taxonomists | Scientists that identify and name organisms |
| What are the benefits of classifying? | Accurately and uniformly names organisms Prevents misnomers such as starfish and jellyfish that aren't really fish Uses same language for all names |
| Aristotle | The First Taxonomist Divided organisms into plants and animals Subdivided them by their habitat |
| John Ray | A botanist First to use Latin for naming The names were very long and told us everything about the plant |
| Carolous Linnaeus | 18th century taxonomist Classified organisms by their structure Developed naming system still used today Called the Father of Taxonomy Developed the modern system of naming known as binomial nomenclature Two-word name |
| What were the rules for naming an organism? | All must be approved by International Naming Congress Prevents duplicated names The International Code for Binomial Nomenclature contains all the rules |
| Taxon | Category into which related organisms are placed Hierarchy of group from broadest to most specific. Classification based on evolutionary relationships |
| Domains | Broadest, most inclusive taxon Three domains Archaea and Eubacteria are unicellular prokaryotes Eukarya are more complex and have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles |
| Archarea | First cells to evolve Live in harsh environments Found in sewage treatment plants, thermal or volcanic vents, hot springs or geysers that ae acid, and very salty water |
| Eubacteria | Some may cause disease Found in all habitats expect harsh ones Important decomposers for environment Commercially important in making cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, etc. |
| What is the domain eukarya divded into? | Protista Fungi Plante Animalia *all of these are kingdoms |
| Protista | Most are unicellular Some are multicelluar Some are autotrophic while others are heterotrophic Aquatic |
| Fungi | Multicellular Absorptive heterotrophs Cell walls made of chitin |
| Plantae | Multicellular Autotrophic Absorb sunlight to make glucose (photosynthesis) Cell walls made of cellulose |
| Animalia | Multicellular Ingestive heterotrophs Feed on plants or animals |
| Cladogram | Diagram showing how organisms are related based on shared, derived characteristics such as feathers, hair, or scales |
| Dichotomous Key | Used to identify organisms Characteristics given in pairs |
| Speciation | When one species evolves into another |
| Adaptation | Helps organism survive better in its enviorment |
| Evolution | The process by which populations change over time |
| Selective breeding | Humans select traits that will be passed from generation to another. Also known as artificial selection |
| Mutation | A change in a gene at the DNA level |
| What principles did the theroy of evolution combine? | Natural selection and genetic inheritance |
| When it comes to crickets, what does fitness mean? | Overall survival so crickets could reproduce and pass on their traits to their offspring |
| Is calling good or bad for a cricket's fitness? | Calling is good and bad. It is good because it attracts female crickets to them, and it's bad cause you give away your location for predators. |
| What were some examples of selection in the cricket story? | When the bat choose to eat the singing cricket When the man stepped on the cricket The female choose to mate with the male cricket |
| Generation Time | The average time between two consecutive generations in the lineages of a population |
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