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Flashcards by michellelynnlebl, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by michellelynnlebl
about 10 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What are the two kinds of cells? | Procaryotes and eucaryotes. |
| What are the two domains of Procaryotes (bacteria)? | Archaebacteria & Eubacteria |
| Do Procaryotes have a nucleus? Do they have membrane bound organelles? | No No |
| True or False: Procaryotes were the first cells and they are single-cell organisms. | True |
| What is Peptidoglycan ? | Protein in plasma membrane of some prokaryotes, but no eukaryotes. |
| What is the one domain of Eukaryotes? | Eukaryia |
| What is the endosymbiotic theory? | The endosymbiotic theory states that several key organelles of eukaryotes originated as symbioses between separate single-celled organisms. (wikipedia) |
| What are single, colonial and multicellular organisms? | Single- one nucleated cell Colonial- each cell isn't specialized and does all of the work, but they live in groups. Example: moss. Multicellular- each cell is specialized and couldn't survive on its own. (ex:humans) |
| Where is the DNA located in eukaryotes? Procarkyotes? | Eukaryotes: Nucleus Prokaryotes: All throughout cytoplasm |
| True or False: eukaryotes have membrane bound organelles. | True |
| True or False: There a difference in the plasma membrane of pro and eukaryotes | True |
| What is haploid? Diploid? | Haploid (n): Set of chromosomes from one donor, gametes, asexual reproduction, haploid organisms (reproduce by mitosis) Diploid (2n): Set of chromosomes from 2 parents, each type of chromosome in pairs, somatic cell type of diploid organisms. |
| True or False- Do animals and plants both have mitochondria and chloroplasts? | False. Plants have both; animals only have mitochondria. |
| What is mitosis? Cytokinesis? Meiosis? | Mitosis-DNA replication and division. Cytokinesis- Division of cell components Meiosis-Production of gametes (sex cells) [only diploid organisms can go through meiosis] |
| 3 points of Prokaryotic Division | -Binary fission -Circular DNA -Fts2 molecule is the trigger for separation |
| 3 points of eukaryotic chromosomes | -House the genes -Made of DNA and proteins (chromatin) -Tightly coiled |
| What is DNA coiled around? | Histone molecule (nucleosome) |
| What is a group of nucleosomes called? | Solenoid |
| What forms a chromatin loop? | Long strips of solenoids |
| What do many chromatin loops form? | Many loops form a rosette anchored to the chromosome core by a scaffold protein |
| Eukaryotic chromosomes have a centromere. Where is it located and what is it the attachment site for?I | Its location is unique to that chromosome and it is the attachment for spindle fibres. |
| What is the protein that spindle fibers attach to? | Kinetochore |
| What is a chromosome? | Where DNA is housed. Structure consisting of DNA and histone of same gene. |
| Define: centromere | Site of DNA synthesis; where sister chromatids come together. |
| Define: Chromatid | 2 identical strands of replicated DNA (sister chromatids) |
| Define: Homologous | 2 chromosomes of same type from different parent |
| Define: Haploid (n) | Genetic info. came from a single donor |
| Define: Diploid (2n) | Genetic info. came from 2 donours. |
| What is trisomy & monosomy ? | Trisomy: 3 chromosomes of same type Monosomy: 1 chromosome instead of 2 |
| Define: Cell cycle | Time that is spent in each phase of the cells life |
| What are the phases of interphase? Mitosis? And what follows mitosis? | Interphase: G, S, G2 Mitosis: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase. (PMAT) Cytokinesis |
| What do the checkpoints determine? What are they? (regulating the cell cycle) | Checkpoints determine if cell moves to the next phase of the cell cycle. -G2, M checkpoint -Spindle checkpoint -G1,S checkpoint (start or restriction checkpoint) |
| Name 3 factors that influence the check at the checkpoints. | Nutrition, size, health |
| What stage do cells often get stuck in and stay for long periods of time? | When they get stuck in G1 for an extended period of time, it is called G0(zero). Some cells never leave this stage. |
| What happens at the G1 restriction point? | The cell decides to divide or not. Arrest at this point results in G0(zero). |
| What happens at the G2/M checkpoint? | At the end of G2 phase. CDK (cyclin dependent kinase) active at this pointand allow movement into M-phase. DNA checked for proper replication. |
| What happens at the spindle checkpoint? | Check that all chromosomes are attached to spindles for anaphase. |
| What does CDK stand for? | Cyclin dependent kinase |
| What are proteins activated by and what does this allow? | Proteins are activated by phosphorylation on the enzyme thus allowing passage through the checkpoint. |
| True or false- Each checkpoint has its own cyclins | True |
| Define mitosis. State what it produces. | For growth and repair. This occurs in both diploid and haploid cells. DNA replication and division of somatic (autosomal) cells. One cell produces 2 identical cells (identical to parent and each other) |
| Does crossing over of alleles occur in mitosis? What is conserved? | Crossing over of alleles (genetic info.) does not occur in mitosis. Genetic info. is conserved. |
| What are the 4 phases of mitosis and what is it followed by? | P- Prophase M- Metaphase A- Anaphase T- Telophase Followed by cytokinesis. |
| What is meiosis? What does it produce? | Division of germ cells. The production of sex cells (n), called gametes (only half the chromosomes of parent) from germ cells 2n (diploid. |
| What does meiosis start with and what does it end with? | Start with 1 diploid and end with 4 haploid cells. |
| Name the 6 major differences between Mitosis and Meiosis. | In notes. (too much to type out) |
| What happens and what is produced in: Meiosis I: _____ Meiosis II: _______ What are the final products? | Meiosis I: tetrads separate into sister chromatids (resulting cells are haploid) Meiosis II: separates sister chromatids so that each cell gets one chromosome (resulting in unpaired sister chromatids) Products: 4 haploid gametes (sex cells) that are not identical to each other or the parent cell. |
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| What is the chiasma? | Where nodules do crossing over |
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Image:
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Image:
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| Complete: Meiosis II resolves the ____________. 4 _______ cells. | Meiosis II resolves the original DNA replication. 4 haploid cells. |
| How does recombining of genetic info. occur? | Recombining of genetic information by segregation, random orientation of chromosomes, and crossing over |
| Where does variation originally occur? What does it create? | Variation originally comes from mutations in DNA synthesis in germ cells which create new phenotypes |
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