13964023
Description
Flashcards by Jennifer Huber, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Jennifer Huber
over 6 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Main Transporter that keeps intracellular compartment negative | Na/K-ATPase 3Na out/2K in |
| Extracellular Na, K, Ca, Mg | Na - 140 K - 4 Ca - 5 Mg - 2 |
| Intracellular Na, K, Ca, Mg | Na - 12 K - 150 Ca - 10^-7 Mg - 7 |
| Extracellular Cl, HCO3, SO4, HPO4, Protein, Organic Anions | Cl - 103 HCO3 - 24 SO4 - 1 HPO4 - 2 Protein - 16 Organic Anions -5 |
| Intracellular Cl, HCO3, HPO4, Protein | Cl - 3 HCO3 - 10 HPO4 - 116 Protein - 40 |
| Desmosome | cell-to-cell adhesion molecules |
| Hemidesmosomes | cell-to-ECM adhesion molecules |
| Tight Junction | cell-to-cell occluding junctions impermeable barrier (epithelium) |
| Gap Junctions | Allows communication between cells (connexin subunits) |
| G proteins | GTPases, intramembrane proteins, transduce signal from receptor to response enzyme |
| Ligand-triggered protein kinase | receptor and response enzyme are a single transmembrane protein (ex. receptor TK, insulin, epidermal GF) |
| ABO blood type antigens | glycolipids on cell membrane |
| HLA-type antigens | glycoproteins on cell membrane |
| Cell Cycle | G1, S (protein syn + chr duplication), G2, M (mitosis, nucleus divides) |
| What part of the cell cycle determines the cell cycle length? | G1 |
| Components of Mitosis | Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase |
| Prophase | centromere attachment, centriole and spindle formation, nucleus disappears |
| Metaphase | Chromosome alignment |
| Anaphase | Chromosome pull apart |
| Telophase | separate nucleus reforms around each set of chromosomes |
| Nucleus | Double Membrane, outer membrane continuous with rER |
| Nucleolus | inside nucleus, no membrane, ribosomes are made here |
| Transcription | DNA strand is used as a template by RNA polymerase for synthesis of an mRNA strand |
| Transcription Factors | bind DNA and help the transcription on genes Ex: steroid, thyroid, AP-1, NF-KB, STAT, NFAT |
| Initiation Factors | bind RNA polymerase and initiate transcription |
| DNA polymerase chain reaction | uses oligonucleotides to amplify specific DNA sequences |
| Purines | Guanine and Adenine |
| Pyrimidines | Cytosine Thymadine (in DNA) Uracil (in RNA) |
| Number of bonds b/w pyrimidines and purines | guanine 3H bonds w/ cytosine adenine 2H bonds w/ T or U |
| Translation | mRNA used as a template by ribosomes for synthesis of proteins |
| Glycolysis | 1 glucose generates 2 ATP and 2 pyruvate |
| Mitochondria | 2 membranes Krebs cycle on inner matrix NADH/FADH2 created |
| Krebs Cycle Citric Acid Cycle | 2 pyruvate molecules created creates NADH and FADH2 then to ETC 1glucose = 36ATP |
| Electron Transport Chain | NADH and FADH2 enter and form an H+ gradient and create ATP by ATP synthase |
| Gluconeogenesis | Lactic Acid (Cori Cycle) and AA (#1 Alanine) are converted to glucose |
| Cori Cycle | liver converts muscle lactate onto new glucose |
| rER | synthesizes proteins that are exported (increased in pancreatic acinar cells) |
| sER | lipid/steroid synthesis, detoxifies drugs increased in liver and adrenal cortex |
| Golgi Apparatus | modifies proteins with carbohydrates; proteins are then transported to cellular membrane, secreted, or targeted to lysosomes |
| Lysosomes | have digestive enzymes that degrade engulfed particles and worn-out organelles |
| Phagosomes | engulfed large particles; these fuse with lysosomes |
| Endosomes | engulfed small particles these fuse with lysosomes |
| Phospholipase C | cleaves phospholipid phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphonate (PIP2) into DAG and inositol 1, 4, 5 triphosphate (IP3) IP3 then release Ca from sER |
| Protein Kinase A | activated by cAMP, phosphorylates other enzymes and proteins |
| Myosin | thick filaments, uses ATP to slide alone actin to cause muscle contraction |
| Actin | Thin Filaments, interact with myosin |
| Intermediate Filaments | Keratin (hair/nails) Desmin (muscles) VImentin (fibroblasts) |
| Microtubules | form cilia, neuronal axons, mitotic spindles involved in transport of organelles in cell centriole |
| Centriole | a specialized microtubule involved in cell division (forms spindle fibers, pull chromosome apart) |
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