2B Theories of lifespan and development and care of the child

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Flashcards on 2B Theories of lifespan and development and care of the child, created by Elizabeth Then on 14/06/2018.
Elizabeth Then
Flashcards by Elizabeth Then, updated more than 1 year ago
Elizabeth Then
Created by Elizabeth Then over 6 years ago
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Theories of child development no one theory accounts for all human development each aid perspectives to social, behavioural, humanistic, environmental, cognitive etc
Freud development of biologic automatic process psychosexual in nature sexual energies centre around specific area of body id - basic sexual instincts superego- conscience, morals, ethics, values ego - realistic part of mind, mediates id and superego
Stages of freud oral (birth -1 year) - infant derives pleasure from mouth and sucking, and eating anal (1-3 years) - young child's behaviour is centred in anal area, control over secretions phallic (3-6 years)- sexual energy becomes centred on genitalia latency (6-12 years) - sexual energy at rest genital (12 years to adulthood) - mature sexuality
Piaget (Jean) observed his own and other children humans adapt to their environment construct their own understanding
Piagets stages sensorimotor - birth to 2 years - differentiates self from objects, recognises self as agent of action preoperational - 2 - 7 years - learns to use language, images and words concrete operational -7-11 years - can think logically about objects and events formal operational - 11 years - adulthood- can think logically about abstract propositions
Erikson focussed on psychosocial development stages: trust versus mistrust (birth to 1 year) children require security through physical comforts autonomy versus shame and doubt (1 - 3 years) - children must establish own identity intiative versus guilt (3- 6 years) - children realise their own responsibilities industry versus inferiority (6 - 12 years) - childrens determination show success, often concert with others identity versus role confusion (12 -18 years) - children involved in discovering, personall cultural, social, identity
Kohlberg applied piaget's theory moral reasoning 3 stages preconventional - decisions made to please others/avoid punishment conventional - conscience now important, decisions made on beliefs and teaching of parents - follows rules postconventional - internal ethical standards in play, awareness of common good, recognises social responsibility
Maslow theory of human motivation basic needs met before higher needs hierarchy of needs: self actualisation - acceptance of facts esteem - confidence, achievement love/belonging - friendship, family safety - security of body, family, health physiological - breathing, food, water, sleep
Bandura developed social learning theory humans are active information processors learn attitudes, beliefs from social interactions
Behaviourism skinner and watson - all behaviour learnt denies inherent traits actions determined by responses one receives conditioning - pavlovs dog positive and negative reinforcement
Urie ecological theory each child is unique co-activity between nature and nuture early events influence later life
Resilience theory function with healthy responses even with significant adversity protection factors- strength, assistance provided when dealing with a challenge or crisis risk factors - promote challenges
predictable sequence skills are learnt at different ages but order is predictable all humans develop cepahalo - caudal (yop -down) and proximo-distal (midline -outside)
Age groups prenatal -conception to birth newborn - 0-4 weeks infant - 4wks - 1yr toddler - 1-3 yrs preschool - 3-6yrs school - 6-12 yrs adolescent - 12-18yrs adult years - 18 years onward
Age group characteristic prenatal - genetic mother's health influence newborn - extra-uterine adaption infant - high level of daily care toddler - high motor ability and independence pre-school - refines gross, fine, language skills school - intellectual, physical growth adolescence - maturing cognitive though, identity
Major milestones physical - weight, height, head circum motor - fine hold, grasp, grip, gross, sit, stand, walk sensory - hearing, vision cognitive - thinking, reasoning, language psychosocial - smile, eye contact, play, interaction
Factors affected growth and development genetic/chromosomal factors - inherited rate, individual differences maternal illness during pregnancy racial factors endocrine system drugs illness family and parenting (nature and nurture)
Gender influences important to establish communication social and cognitive growth cultural factors child learns quickly who has ultimate knowledge
Factors affecting growth and development nutrition, malnutrition, environment, prematurity, child care, school, community
Influences on developmeny family, size, roles, culture, attention, social, granparents
Parenting foster child growth and development provide nurture, affection, comfort, emotional health important to determine sexual idenity and gender role
Developmental assesment undertaken for first 5 years of child's life based on milestones over ages can identify when child sits outside norms provide support for parents and interventions
Nursing application - infant Freud (oral stage) - offer dummy, bottle, breast Erikson (trust vs mistrust) - hygiene needs,manage pain, cuddle, hold Piaget (sensorimotor)- toys, colours, pictures Kohlbery=g (pre-conventional) - unable to make decisions, parents involved
Nursing application - toddler freud (anal stage) -toileting, accept regression, normal routines Erikson (autonomy vs shame) - allow self activities, feeding, dressing Piaget (sensorimotor) - name objects, simple explanations Kohlberg (unconventional) - toddler unable to make decisions, assists parents
Nursing application - pre-schooler Freud (phallic stage) - encourage parent involvement, watch comfort with genders Erikson (initiative vs guilt) - offer medical equipment, assess concerns, accept child's choices piaget (preoperational thought) - offer clear and simple explanation about procedure Kolhbery (conventional) - assist parent to make decisions, explain decision to toddler
Nursing application - school age Freud (latency stage) - provide gown, cover, explain procedures Erikson (Industry vs inferiority) - continue schooling, bring favourite book, help child adjust Piaget (concrete thought) - clear explanations, show equipments Kohlberg (conventional) - assist parents to make decisions, consider alternate choices
Nursing application - adolescent Freud (genital stage) - ensure privacy, educate Erikson (identity vs role confusion) - introduce teens, talk to adolescent Piaget (formal thought) - clear explanations, educate Kohlberg (post conventional) - able to make decisions, need explanations, alternatives
Nursing care promotes development Newborn - suck, mobile, coulour Toddler - use simple terms, feeding, accept regression Pre-school - encourage parent involvement, plan, play time School aged - privacy, promote, independence adolescent - privacy, seperate room, peer visits
Nursing interventions appropriate for child's state development Understanding effects of hospitalisation, illness, parent involvement, communication build trust, explanation, appropriate play therapy and activities
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