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Flashcards by Daria Paterek, updated more than 1 year ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What were the aims of Henry VII's foreign policy? | - Obedience of his subjects - Avoid dynastic threats - Internal security - Defensive - Gain recognition - Financial resources -Strengthen monarchy - Avoidance of war (peace) |
| How successful was Henry VII in achieving these aims in the early years of his reign? France | - France had supported Henry's seizure of the throne in 1485: so a one-year truce was established, this was later extended to January 1489. |
| How successful was Henry VII in achieving these aims in the early years of his reign? Brittany | - Brittany supported Henry during his years of exile and so Henry was able to use this link to secure a commercial treaty with them in 1486. |
| How successful was Henry VII in achieving these aims in the early years of his reign? Scotland | - Henry secured better relations with Scotland and signed a three year truce in 1486. - With the assassination of James III in 1488, relations with Scotland were made more secure. (brought young son James IV to the throne) |
| How successful was Henry VII in achieving these aims in the early years of his reign? Holy Roman Empire | - In 1487 Maximilian, the heir to the Holy Roman Empire, concluded a treaty with Britain for one year. (Henry was therefore confident that other countries would not aid rival claimants and that he had been accepted by a number of countries) |
| How successful was Henry VII's policy towards France? 1. What was the Breton Crisis about? | - Brittany independence - France wanted to bring Brittany into the French kingdom. - Regent proposed to marry her brother, Charles VIII, to the daughter and heir of Duke of Brittany. - Duke already arranged for his daughter to marry Maximilian. - in 1488 France sent a force into Brittany to enforce their aim. - Maximilian and Ferdinand of Aragon sent troops to aid Brittany. - Duke of Brittany also asked England for help. - In December 1491 Brittany accepted defeat and Anne of Brittany was married to Charles VIII of France. |
| How successful was Henry VII's policy towards France? 2. So how effective was Henry's handling of the Breton Crisis? | - England wanted to stop the whole of the Channel coast coming under French control. - 1485 French aid made him think twice. - Henry proposed negotiation, Bretons refused and were then defeated by a French army. - Death of Duke of Brittany meant that his daughter became ruler and the French promptly seized her. - England was not strong enough to intervene. - Henry renewed the treaty with Maximilian and this was followed by the Treaty of Redon with Brittany in 1489. - Under the terms of this treaty Henry agreed to send 6000 men, paid for by the Bretons, to help in their defence. - July 1489 Maximilian made peace with France and Spain did too. - Henry was left in a difficult position: he had gone to protect Brittany and had failed. - Henry therefore raised a considerable sum of money to fund a war which had not been fought. |
| How successful was Henry VII's policy towards France? 3. How successful was Henry's invasion of France in 1492? | - A year was spent gathering together an invasion force. - By the time the force arrived in France the campaigning season was almost over. - The French king was more interested in invading Italy. - Treaty of Etaples - Treaty consisted of: no aid given to English rebels, pay the arrears of the Treaty of Picquigny and pay most of Henry's expenses in Brittany. - The result was an annual pension for Henry of approximately £5000 per year. (amounted to some 5% of royal income) |
| How effective was Henry's policy towards France in the period after the Treaty of Etaples? | - League of Venice was established in 1945 (aim of driving France out of Italy) England was not invited to this. - When League was revamped in 1496 as the Holy League, England was invited to join. - Henry also secured a trade agreement with France. - Tried creating a three way agreement through Leage of Cambrai. - Failed to attain anti-Spanish agreeement. - Led to diplomatic isolation. |
| Why was Henry VII able to avoid conflict with Scotland? | - Scotland was more favourably inclined towards Henry as opposed to Richard III. - Death of James III. - Henry maintained contacts at the Scottish courts with the Scottish nobility who favoured better relations with England. - Henry gave the nobles shelter and in 1942 aided their successful attempts in overthrowing anti-English regents. - Pro-English Earl of Angus gained power and resulted in the signing of a nine-year truce between the two countries in 1493. - Departure of Warbeck led to the Truce of Ayton, signed in 1487 and becoming a full treaty in 1499. - Marriage of Henry’s daughter to James IV in August 1503. |
| How far did Henry pursue a consistent foreign policy with Spain and Burgundy? pt. 1 | - Marriage arrangement between Arthur and Catherine of Aragon. - In March 1489 the Treaty of Medina del Campo was signed. - Final marriage agreement with Spain was not made until 1496. - Death of Arthur -> Henry suggested Catherine should marry his second son, Henry. - After discussions and papal dispensation, Catherine was betrothed to Henry in June 1503. - Death of Isabella in 1504 ended the anti-French alliance of England, Spain and the Netherlands. - Isabella’s will stated Ferdinand would return to rule just Aragon. |
| How far did Henry pursue a consistent foreign policy with Spain and Burgundy? pt. 2 | - France and Spain started developing closer relations. -Henry and Philip of Burgundy also developed closer relations. - Henry antagonised Ferdinand as he kept Catherine’s dowry. - Philip was persuaded to sign a treaty with England. - 1506 was a transitioning moment for Spain. With death of Philip, Ferdinand retook Castile and Maximilian took over the regency of Burgundy. - The prospect for a Spanish marriage between Prince Henry and Catherine was therefore more appealing. - Henry proposed marriage and change of policy, Ferdinand refused to agree. - By 1508 Henry abandoned attempts to restore English-Spanish-Burgundian alliance. -He revoked the Magnus Intercursus concession to speed up the prospect of marrying his daughter Mary to Charles and gain Burgundian support. - Henry also offered his son to the niece of Louis XII of France. -By 1508 Henry created an anti-Spanish alliance. - 1508 League of Cambrai. |
| How important a factor was trade in Henry VII's foreign policy? | - English trade brought financial benefits to both the country and monarchy. - Burgundy importance because of cloth trade through Antwerp. - Embargo on trade with Burgundy between 1493-1496. - Magnus intercursus 1496. - Malus Intercursus negotiation. - Treaty with Portugal. - Navigation acts of 1485-86. - Trade in the Mediterranean. - 1490 trade treaty. - Henry was less successful with the Baltic. - Treaties with Denmark and Norway in 1489 and 1490. - Similar policy attempted with Riga in 1499. - 1504 Henry forced into a settlement which restored the favourable position Hanse had enjoyed under Edward IV. |
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