Chapter 18

Question	Answer
What are the six kingdoms of life?	Bacteria, Archaea, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia
What organisms belong in the Protista kingdom?	Diplomonads, Euglenoids, Brown algae, diatoms, Forams, Red algae, and green algae
What kingdom do amoeba belong in?	Protista
Evolutionary innovations of Eukaryotes...	1. Larger cell size 2. They membrane enclosed internal compartments- including nucleus 3. Sexual reproduction 4.multicellularity in some groups ( but not all)
What is Amoeba proteus?	Single-called algae
What are the parts of an amoeba proteins?	They have internal compartments Contractile vacuole Food vacuoles Nucleus Algae
What is the adaptive value of membrane enclosed sub cellular compartments?	Each type of compartment specializes in unique set of functions through specialization and division of labor
What is a nuclear envelope?	2 concentric layers of cell membranes
Advantages of multicellularity...	Cell specialization (division of labor) Individual organisms can grow large(advantage in avoiding prey) They have more resources (produce more offspring)
What is Protista	Artificial grouping- defined by what they are not
Mixotrophs	Organisms that can use energy and carbon from a variety of sources to fuel growth and reproduction
Pathogens	Disease- causing agents
Why is the kingdom of Protista described as an artificial grouping?	They are defined by what they are not.
What kingdoms are Eukaryotic?	Animals, plants, Fungi and Protists(catch all category)
Eukaryotic cells are made of...	A nucleus and other membrane bound components
What are Eukaryotes evolutionary traits?	Sexual reproduction, larger cells, have a nucleus and sub-cellular organization , membrane enclosed compartments, and multi-cellular(most)
What is the benefit of membrane-enclosed compartments?	Enable cells to function efficiently through division of labor( among specialized organelle
What plants descended from green algae?	Vascular tissue, seeds, and flowers
What are Protozoans?	Non- photosynthetic and motile.
Algae (alga)	Are photosynthetic and may or may not be motile
Euglena	Closely related to Giardia( a colorless single- called parasite that lives in animal guts and causes painful diarrhea
Most protists main characteristic is that they are..	Single-felled and microscopic
Diatoms	Common phytoplankton in both fresh and salt water
What are diatoms like?	They have silica- containing cell walls, are usually transparent, and highly decorated
Algae	Are autotrophic protists that carry out oxygen-generating photosynthesis
What are phytoplankton?	Free- floating single- celled algae
Plankton	Planktons- drifting- microbes that drift at or on the surface of water bodies( salt and freshwater)
Zoo plankton	Heterotrophic prokaryotes and protists together with microscopic animals
What are Dinoflagellates and why are they dangerous?	They cause “red tide” by producing a variety of chemicals (toxins) that can cause nerve and muscle damage or paralysis in humans and other mammals
What is Plasmodium?	A single- celled heterotrophic protist that causes malaria
Evolutionary tree of Plantae	Bryophytes, pteridophytes, Angiosperms, and Gymnosperms
What are bryophytes?	Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts
Where can you find bryophytes?	Still thrive in moist habitats throughout the world and some can withstand drying out or freezing during the non growing season
Gymnosperms	Conifers or cone-bearing trees(ie. pines and firs in colder regions) or tropical trees called cyads in Florida
Angiosperms	Flowering plants
How are Angiosperms beneficial to people?	We depend on them for food, clothing, material, paper, medicines, and many other products.
What are the parts of a plant?	Cuticle, stomata, guard cells
What is the cuticle?	A waxy covering that covers their above ground parts
What is the stomata( or stoma)?	They are the many minute openings in the cuticle that allow carbon dioxide in the air to enter leaf cells
What are guard cells?	They border each stoma to inflate or deflate in order open or close them
Enter text here... Image: Mobile upload (image/jpeg)	Evolutionary tree of Plantae
Picture of the shoot system, vascular system, and the root system	Enter text here... Image: Mobile upload (image/jpeg)
Picture of the internal parts of a plant	Enter text here... Image: Mobile upload (image/jpeg)
What is lignin?	A polymer that links cellulose fibers in the cell wall of plants
Vascular system	Tubelike structures specialized for transporting fluids
Phloem	Vascular tissues that specialize in transporting food molecules, such as sugars
Xylem	Vascular tissues that specialize in transporting water and dissolved nutrients
Gymnosperms	Conifers( cone- bearing plants)
What is the significance of pollen to Gymnosperms?	They were the first plants to produce pollen

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	Created by Kate Enzensperger about 6 years ago