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Created by Susannah Mackenz
almost 10 years ago
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Question | Answer |
What does this image represent?
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download__3_ (image/jpg)
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Neuron |
What is a neuron? | A neuron is the basic building block of the nervous system . |
What does C represent?
Image:
Neuron (image/jpg)
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The cell body (soma) |
What does B represent?
Image:
Neuron (image/jpg)
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The dendrites. |
What does A represent?
Image:
Neuron (image/jpg)
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The axon. |
The branchlike fibres that are like antennas that collect messages from neighbouring neurons and send them to the cell body are called? | Dendrites |
Here neighbouring information from other neurons is collected and processed. | The cell body |
This conducts electrical impulses away from the cell body and to other neurons, muscles, or glands. | Axon |
-Surround the neurons and hold them in place - Manufacture nutrient chemicals that the neurons need - Form the myelin sheath around some axons - Absorb toxins and waste materials that might damage neurons. | Glial cells |
Surround neurons and hold them in place | Glial cells |
Manufacture nutrient chemicals neurons need | Glial cells |
Form myelin sheath around some axons | Glial cells |
Absorb toxins and waste materials | Glial cells |
Fatty insulating layer some neurons have | Myelin sheath |
Gaps in the myelin sheath that allows impulses to jump, and speeds up transmission | Nodes of Ranvier |
Protect(s) the brain from toxins | -Blood-brain barrier -Glial cells |
Nerve activation has how many basic steps? | 3 |
What are the steps for basic nerve activation? | 1) The neuron is at resting potential 2) Stimulation' resting turns into action potential; nerve impulse generated 3) The neuron is again at rest. |
What is depolarization and when does it occur? | -The shift from negative to positive voltage -Occurs during the action potential |
Reversal in the membrane's voltage, from -70mV to +40mV (inside). | Action potential |
The change in polarization in a neuron membrane that leads to a neural impulse | Action potential |
The interior of the cell is negative. The exterior of the cell is positive. There is a high concentration of sodium ions outside the cell (in the liquid) and chloride ions (outside cell in the liquid). Negatively charged protein ions (A-) and + potassium ions are inside the neuron. | Resting potential. |
The inside of the cell is positive; outside, negative. Sodium channels open up; flood into the axon, creating depolarization | Action potential |
Most sodium outside cell; chloride outside cell Potassium inside cell; negative anion proteins inside cell Gates closed | Resting potential |
Sodium channels open. Sodium floods into axon. K+ channels still closed | Action potential generated |
Sodium channels close; potassium channels open | Restoration of resting potential |
What is the voltage of the refractory period? | Smaller than -70 mV |
Membrane cannot generate another action potential. | Absolute refractory period |
All-or-none law | Action potentials occur at a maximum intensity or they do not occur at all. |
-50 mV | Action potential threshold |
Graded potentials | Occur when the absolute threshold is not reached but an action potential occurs as a result of many neurons added up. |
Action potential travels down the axon like a burning fuse | unmyelinated axons |
High conduction speeds generated from jumping of action potential from node to node | Myelinated axons |
High conduction speeds generated from jumping of action potential from node to node | Myelinated axons |
Satiago Ramon Y cajal | Proposed the idea of synapse. |
Otto Loewi | Proposed the idea of neurotransmitters |
Gap from the axon terminal of one neuron to the dendrites of another | Synaptic cleft |
True or false: electrical impulses through a wire are faster than impulses through an axon | True |
Damage to the myelin sheath can cause | MS Multiple Scorosis |
When the immune system attacks the Myelin Sheath; impulses are slowed down | MS |
Chemicals that carry messages across the synapse | Neurotransmitters |
That excite other neurons OR inhibit their firing | Neurotransmitters |
______Molecules stored within these _______chambers, within the axon terminal | Neurotransmitters are stored within synaptic vesicles within the axon terminals. |
When the action potential reaches the end of the axon, the axon terminal releases ________ into the place between the end of the sending neuron( _______) and the membrane of the receiving neuron (______). The space is called _______. | When an action potential reaches the end of the axon, vesicles bind to the membrane and release neurotransmitters into the synaptic space between the pre-synaptic (sending) neuron and the post-synaptic (receiving) neuron. |
When neurotransmitters cross the synaptic space, they bind to ______ which are? | When neurotransmitters cross the synaptic space they bind to receptor sites, which are large protein molecules embedded in the membrane. |
Space between the pre-synapse and post-synapse? | Synaptic cleft. |
Neurotransmitter activity moves from synthesis to deactivation. What is this process? | 1) Synthesis of neurotransmitter 2) Storage in synaptic vesicles 3) Release into synaptic space 4) Binding to receptor sites 5) Deactivation through reuptake or breakdown |
_________ of neurotransmitter --> storage in ______--> Release into ______--> _________to receptor sites --> Deactivation through _______ or breakdown | Synthesis of neurotransmitter --> Storage in synaptic vesicles--> Release into synaptic space--> Binding to receptor sites--> Deactivation through re-uptake or breakdown |
Image:
synapse (image/jpg)
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Synapse |
What do A, B, C REPRESENT? | A-Pre-synaptic neuron B- Vesicle C- Synaptic cleft |
What do D, E, F represent? | D- Dendrite (Post-synaptic neuron) E- Receptor (Collection of which: receptor site) F--Neurotransmitter |
Neurotransmitters that create depolarization | Excitatory transmitters |
TRasnmitters that create hyperpolarization | Inhibitory |
Excitatory--> Depolarizes membrane--> _____likelihood of action potential | Increases |
Inhibitory--> Hyperpolarizes membrane--> _______likelihood of action potential | Decreases |
Transmitters are reabsorbed into the pre-synapse | Re-uptake |
Depression: undersupply Stress and panic disorders: oversupply Inhibitory and excitatory at various sites Involved in learning, memory, wakefulness and eating | Norepinephrine |
Glutamate | Has powerful excitatory effect |
GABA | Inhibitory; motor control and control of anxiety; many drugs that help with anxiety disorders target______ |
ACh | _____; involved in muscle activity and memory; under[production: alzeimer's disease Excitatory Drugs that block _____ can result in muscular paralysis. |
Dopamine | Can be inhibitory OR excitatory Involved in pleasure, motivation, reward, voluntary movement control, through processes. Parkinsons: not enough _____ LDOPA tries to increase ____production. |
Serotonin | Often inhibitory; influences mood, eating, sleep, and sexual behaviour -Low levels cause depression -Prozac prevents the reuptake of _____ |
Endorphins | Reduce pain and increase feelings of well-being; bind to same receptors as morphine and opium, therefore produce similar effects |
What does this represent?
Image:
images__6_ (image/jpg)
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The main units of the nervous system |
What does this chart visualize?
Image:
5416079_orig (image/jpg)
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Components of the nervous system |
The brain and spinal cord comprise what component of the nervous system?
Image:
Nervous-system (image/jpg)
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CNS: Central nervous system |
Label the following components of the brain | A-Forebrain B-midbrain C-hindbrain |
Label the following | A- Frontal lobe B- Parietal lobe C- Occipital lobe D- tEMPORAL LOBE E-Brain stem F-Cerebellum |
Label the graph | A--Repolarization B--Resting potential C--Hyperpolarization D--Threshold potential E--Resting potential F--Depolarization G--Repolarization H-- Action potential period I--Refractory period |
Two major branches of the nervous system | Central and peripheral |
The hindbrain is composed of the ______ and ______ | Cerebellum and brainstem |
The nervous system is composed of the _____ and the ______. | Central NS and peripheral NS. |
The peripheral NS is composed of the ______ and the _______. | Somatic system and autonomic system. |
The somatic system is a part of the _______nervous system. Its function is? | The somatic system is part of the peripheral system. Its function is that it controls voluntary muscle activation. |
The autonomic system is part of ______. Its functions are? | The autonomic system is part of the nervous system. Its functions are basically involuntary. It is involved with smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, and glands. |
The two branches of the autonomic system are? | Sympathetic and parasympathetic. |
The somatic system | Consist of sensory and motor neurons. Sensory neurons transmit messages from eyes. ears, and other sensory receptors; motor neurons send signals from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles. VOLUNTARY PATHWAY. |
The autonomic system is involved in? | Respiration, circulation, digestion, motivation, emotional behavior, and stress response. Involuntary Sympathetic and parasympathetic |
Compare sympathetic and parasympathetic. | Both are part of the peripheral--autonomic--nervous system. Sympathetic: activation or arousal function Parasympathetic: inhibitory, slowing down function |
Function of the sympathetic system? | -Activation/'arousal - "Fight or flight" - Speeds heart rate -Dilation of pupils; slows digestive system so blood is transferred to muscles; increases rate of respiration |
Parasympathetic system | Lowers heart rate and respiration rate; constricts pupils; dilates blood vessels; stimulates digestive activity |
________ and _______ work together to ensure our body is at a state of equilibrium (homeostasis); coordinated sequence of these activities | Sympathetic "excite" and parasympathetic "relax". |
Connects spinal cord and brain | Central Nervous System |
Most nerves enter and leave the CNS through the ______ _______. | Spinal cord |
______ _______ are fast responses that involve the senses and the spinal cord (not the brain). | Spinal reflexes |
Grey matter is surrounded by white (myelinated) matter; this structure cross-section forms an "H". the neurons are protected by back bone vertebrae. | Spinal Cord. |
The most active energy consumer of all your organs | Your brain |
Rate of energy metabolism relatively constant throughout the day/night and even increases slightly as you sleep. 2% of body weight; 20 % oxygen consumption at rest. | Your Brain |
_________tests measure verbal and non-verbal behaviours affected by areas of brain damage. Used in clinical evaluations of people who may have suffered BD through disease or accidents. | Neuropsychological |
Specific nervous tissue is destroyed by chemicals, electricity, cold or heat; this produces brain damage (lesions). Or can surgically remove areas and study the consequences. Or can be stimulated--producing opposite effects--through electricity or chemicals. This can be constant if an electrode is implanted. | How scientists can test brain damage using sections of the brain and causation |
PARTS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE BRAIN | STUDY |
LOBES AND FUNCTIONS OF BRAIN STUDY | STUDY |
LEFT AND RIGHT HEMISPHERES OF BRAIN | STUDY |
BRAIN SCANS | STUDY |
NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND FUNCTIONS | STUDY |
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