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Flashcards by Greg Caskey, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Greg Caskey
about 6 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| The Solow Model emphasizes that which factors of production are unimportant? | Land and natural resources |
| What are Kaldor's 6 stylized facts of growth? | 1. Output per worker grows continuously, with no secular tendency for the rate of growth of productivity to decline. 2. The Capital-Labor (K/L) ratio shows continuous growth 3. The rate of return on capital is stable 4. The capital-output (K/Y) ratio is stable 5. The shares of labor and capital in GDP remain stable 6. We observe significant variation in rate of growth of productivity across countries |
| In an exogenous growth model, growth is caused by: | Forces that are not explained by the model itself, namely exogenous forces. |
| Suppose that two countries share identical levels of total factor productivity, identical labor force growth rates and identical savings rates. Country A has greater initial level of output per worker than Country B. According to the Solow model, how will the two countries grow in terms of output per worker, all else constant? | Country B, the country with the smaller initial level of output per worker will grow more rapidly than the country with the greater initial level of output per worker. |
| T/F The Solow Growth Model predicts that rich nations will grow faster than poor nations | False Poor nations will grow faster than rich nations |
| T/F If the central prediction of the Solow Growth Model is valid, Per capita Real GDP differences among nations will diminish. | True |
| If a war destroys a large portion of a country's capital stock but the saving rate is unchanged, the Solow model predicts output will grow and that the new steady state will: | Approach the same output level as before |
| In the Solow growth model, if investment exceeds depreciation, the capital stock will ______ and output will ______ until the steady state is attained. | increase; increase |
| AL is referred to as _________, and technological progress that enters in this fashion is known as labor-augmenting or Harrod-neutral. | Effective Labor This way of specifying how A enters, together with the other assumptions of the model, will imply that the ratio of capital to output, K/Y, eventually settles down.the ratio is eventually. constant. |
| What are the implications of CRS in Solow's two arguments, capital and effective labor? | Doubling the quantities of capital and effective labor (for example, by doubling K and L with A held fixed) doubles the amount produced. Multiplying both arguments by any Non-neg. constant c causes output to change by the same factor: |
| What is the CRS equation for Solow's two arguments, capital and effective labor? | Implications: 1. Economy is big enough that the gains from specialization have been exhausted 2. Inputs other than K, L, and A are relatively unimportant. |
| Intensive form of Solow production function | Setting c = 1/AL in intensive form |
| How do we get to output per unit of effective labor as a function of capital per unit of effective labor? Namely, y= f(k) | |
| ƒ'(k) = positive ƒ''(k) = negative what does this mean? | ƒ'(k) = positive, means that the marginal product of capital is positive ƒ''(k) = negative, means that the marginal product of capital declines at k rises |
| What are the implications of the Inada conditions for the Solow model? | the marginal product of capital is very large when the capital stock is sufficiently small, and vice versa. |
| What does the production function satisfying Inada conditions look like? In other words, one that shows ƒ'(k) = positive & ƒ''(k) = negative | |
| How does the production function takes its intensive form? | |
| What is the Solow production function expressed in Cobb-Douglas terms? | Thinking of the two α as "a" and "b", them being < 1 indicates diminishing returns to a single factor, and a + b = 1 , indicating constant returns to scale. |
| Illustrate that the Cobb-Douglas function has CRS | α cancels for the c, leaving K^α (AL)^1-α, which is Cobb-Douglas |
| Illustrate the intensive form of the production function: | It is straightforward to check that this expression is positive, that it approaches infinity as k approaches zero, and that it approaches zero as k approaches infinity. |
| What are the growth rates of Labor and Knowledge? | n and g are exogenous parameters and where a dot over a variable denotes a derivative with respect to time, shorthand for "dX(t )/dt". |
| With Cobb-Douglas, labor-augmenting, capital augmenting, and Hicks-neutral are essentially all the same. | Yes, just know this. |
| What does these equations imply? | The growth rate of L is constant and equal to n. The growth rate of A is constant and equal to g. |
| The growth rate of a variable equals the rate of change of its natural log. Demonstrate this: (Chain Rule, since ln X is a function of X, and X is a function of T) | |
| Demonstrate that the rates of change of the logs of L and A are constant, and that they equal n and g, respectively. | Thus, our assumption is that L and A grow exponentially. |
| In the Solow model, output is divided between ________ and _________. What is the equation showing this? | Consumption and Investment I(t) = Y(t) - C(t) One unit of investment yields one unit unit of capital. |
| What formula demonstrates the growth rate of K? | s= the fraction of Y devoted to I(t) Although no restrictions are placed on n, g, and δ individually, their sum is assumed to be positive. |
| What are the distinctions between Solow, RCK, and Diamond regarding how output is divided between consumption and investment? | In RCK and Diamond, the division arises endogenously from the interactions are optimizing agents In Solow, the division is taken as given, as the fraction of output devoted to investment is exogenous. |
| What are some ways in which Solow is grossly oversimplified? | Only a single good, Gov't is absent, Fluctuations in employment are ignored, Only three inputs into production function, savings rate, depreciation, pop. growth, and tech. progress are constant |
| How are we to regarding the savings rate in the Solow model? | Exogenous and Constant |
| How are we to regard the evolution dynamics of labor and knowledge? | Exogenous and Constant |
| Demonstate the dynamics of k | Since k = K/AL, we can use the chain rule: |
| Demonstate the dynamics of k (Cont'd) | ˙L /L and ˙A/A are n and g, respectively, so ˙K is given by |
| What is an implication of the economy being closed in the Solow Model as it relates to savings/investment | Since the economy is closed, aggregate savings will always equal aggregate investment (S=I) |
| Graph the dynamics of the economy | |
| Graph the phase diagram for k in the Solow Model. What are the implications? | |
| What is true in the Steady State (BGP) concerning each variable? | |
| Use logs to prove the constant growth rates in the steady state by differentiating with respect to time t | |
| Demonstrate on a graph the effects of an increase in the saving rate on investment, k*, and the new steady state. | |
| What two effects does an increase in the savings rate have on consumption ? | 1. Initially, the increase in s lowers consumption. 2. However, in the medium- and long-run the initial effect is mitigated through the increase in k. In the new steady state consumption might even be higher. |
| Demonstrate the impact of a change in s can be computed as follows | |
| To demonstrate a change in s and the effect is has on c, differentiate the above expression with respect to s. | |
| If an increase in the savings rate raises or lowers consumption in the LONG RUN is dependent upon what? | |
| Illustrate on a graph the Golden-Rule Level of k |
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