15630830
Description
Flashcards by Abby Bickle, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Abby Bickle
about 6 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Calamus | Hollow tip of feather (quill |
| rachis | main structure down middle of feather |
| vane | area of rachis with barbs |
| barbs | "fuzzy" part of feather |
| barbules | tiny strands extending from barbs |
| hooklets | tiny hooks extending from barbules that hold barbules/barbs together like velcro |
| Flight feather | full feather with barbules, barbs, and hookles, asymmetrical to reduce drag; AKA remiges |
| semiplume | partially have hooklets and seal, partially do not; most middle contour feathers; aerodynamics, courtship |
| downy feather | feather with no hooklets/rachis; warmth |
| bristle feather | rachis with no barbs; sensory |
| filoplume | long bare rachis with tuft of downy barbs at end; sensory |
| Tail feather | Full feather that is not asymmetrical; AKA retricies |
| feather development steps | 1. placode + condensation 2. placode elongation (dermal papilla) 3. follicle development (follicular cavity) 4. Feather germ (epidermal collar + keratinocytes; dermal pulp 5. Feather primordium (sheath, rachis + barb ridges, pulp) |
| feather evolution | 1. undifferentiated barb 2. barb ridges (downy tuft of unbranched barbs) 3. planar feather (two sided, unbranched barbs) 4. differentiation of barbules and hooklets 5. asymmetrical flight feathers |
| Biochrome Pigments | Melanin, Carotenoids, Porphyrins |
| Melanin | Black/grey (eumelanin), reddish (phaeomelanins); form droplets in melanocyte cells, extending into dendrites; UV resistant, antibacterial, resistant to wear, thermoregulative |
| Carotenoids | Red, yellow, orange, purple, blue; accumulate as lipid droplets; accumulate from diet (e.g. crustaceans) - better diet = brighter (Attracts mates) |
| Porphyrins | Contain iron; buffy brown/red/rust; similar structure to hemoglobin |
| Structural Color | Iridescence - barbules stained with melanin granules, surrounded by light refracting bubbles -> color change; |
| Lake Natron, Tanzania | Pink algae lake, home to flamingos |
| Feather tracks | Pterylae (feathered region) vs. apteria (no feathers); major tracts - capital (head); ventral (belly + sides); spinal (back); humeral (coverts); caudal (tail) |
| Feather care | preening (cleaning + rezipping varbules) uropygial gland -> lipids/oils to coat feathers |
| Cryptic color pattern | camoflauged, e.g. nightjar |
| disruptive color pattern | lines, bars, confusing patterns (confuse predators) e.g. killdeer |
| Countershading color pattern | dark dorsal vs light ventral to camouflage in air/water (e.g. penguins, hawks) |
| Bold color pattern | Bright colors + patterns Territorial, mating displays |
| Molting | Seasonal change in feather coat; follows age of feather (especially flight feathers) |
| molting pattern | Primaries = middle -> tip (i.e.| ---> Secondaries = outside -> middle (i.e. |-> <-|); use to tell age |
| psilopaedic | altricial birds = helpless, no feathers when hatched |
| ptilopaedic | hatch with full down, eyes open |
| Plumage types | Juvenile (First after down) Basic (1st) - winter plumage Alternate (1st) breeding plumage Definitive Basic/alternate (2yr+) |
| Overcoming Gravity + Drag | Hollow bones, no teeth, little fat, no bony tail asymmetrical feather, contouring, wing shape (aerodynamic) |
| producing lift + thrust | Wing shape (air foil like airplane), flapping patterns Wing position (tilted slightly up = more lift) |
| alula | "finger" on tip of wing, used to manipulate airflow + produce drag when landing |
| wing tip vortices | wing tips create spiral (upwash and downwash) when cutting through air -> v-fligth pattern reduces work for those in middle |
| Muscle fiber metabolism | Red fibers (slow twitch) - sustained flight, thin fibers, aerobic respiration, "marathon" White fibers (fast twitch) - quick burst, thick fibers, anaerobic, "sprints" |
| Unidirectional ventilation pattern | Unique to birds, provide constant oxygen + no mixing; In1: trachea -> posterior air sac; Ex1: PAS -> "lungs"; In2: L -> anterior air sac; Ex2: AAS -> trachea and out |
| Flight Muscles | Pectoralis = downstroke supracoracoideus = upstroke (pully system) |
| Parabronchi | Bird "lungs" - many parallel tubes with countercurrent bloodflow = maximum efficiency |
| Songbird/raptor vision | 2-3X better than human; wide angle; little eye movement; monocular vision + head "bobbing" |
| sclerotic ring | bone inside white of eye; function in protection/support/attachment of ciliary muscles for focus |
| retinal oil droplets | lipid droplets in retina that help focus+target light (unique) |
| fovea | birds have both central and temporal fovea -> better peripheral vision |
| Pecten | Vascularization area, allows for fewer blood vessels -> clearer vision unique to birds |
| magnetic field detection | used to navigate; magnetite crystals in olfactory bulb + rhodopsin (iron containing photopigment) |
| bird external ear | lack pinae; auricular feathers protect opening; ear funnel -> tympanic membrane |
| bird middle ear | Only one ossicle = columella (stapes); eustachian tubes (derived from gill arches) |
| bird inner ear | cochlea = straight organ of corti within -> hair cells + auditory nuclei equilibrium -> semicircular canals (xyz) |
| bird hearing | narrow frequency range (high); owl = asymmetrical ears -> pinpoint sounds |
| Bird taste | poor |
| nasal conchae | bone tubes that warm + moisturize air; more smell exposure |
| Bird brain size | 6-11x that of reptiles (relative to body); largest in corvids, parrots, woodpeckers, songbirds |
| (hyper)pallium | bird cerebrum (outer layer) -> intelligence + memory; smooth; neocortex |
| brain lateralization | Left -> learning songs Right -> processing stimuli |
| hippocampus | spacial memory |
| sound producing muscles | external intercostals (pull air in); apendicostalis (spur on rib) |
| Motor control of vocal | High Vocal Center (nidopallium/neostratum) -> Robust nucleus (archistriatum/archopallium) -> Tracheosyringeal motor nucleus (NXIIts) -> brain stem -> syringeal muslces |
| Areas of pallium | Hyperpallium (outside) -> mesopallium -> nidopallium -> archopallium -> area x (MALE ONLY) |
| Song Learning Pathway | Left hemisphere Anterior forebrain (Magnocellular nucleus of anterior neostriatum (MAN) + Area X ) -> High Vocal Center; Recursive loop |
| Song Learning pattern | Critical period (after hatch, <1 yr, hearing song) -> Silent period (immature male; learning in memory) -> Subsong period (winter before first breeding; practice) -> Full adult song |
| Repertoire | Amount of various songs a bird can know serve different purposes, shows off intelligence, prevents exhaustion |
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