Flashcards
A level Chemistry conditions and reagents
Cards in this deck (68)
- 1Synthetic routes involving ALKENES< NEXT >
- 2FORMATION of Alkenes 1. Halogenoalkanes > AlkeneEthanolic KOH/NaOH, heat
- 32. Alcohol > Alkeneexcess conc. H2SO4, 170℃.
- 4PRODUCTS formed from alkene: 1. Alkene > halogenoalkaneBr2(l) in CCL4
- 52. Alkene > (alkane with Br & OH)Br2 (aq.)
- 63. Alkene > alcoholIndustrial method:
H20(g), 300℃ , 60 atm, conc. H3PO4.
Laboratory method:
conc. H2SO4, followed by H2O(l), warm. - 74. Alkene > AlkaneH2(g)/ Ni catalyst, 150℃
- 85. Alkene > di-olcold dil. KMnO4/ NaOH(aq.)
- 9Oxidation of AlkenePRODUCTS
1. terminal carbon
- CO2 + H2O
2. -R & -H group
-carboxylic acid
3. -R & -R group
- ketone - 10Synthetic route involving BENZENE and METHYLBENZENE< NEXT >
- 11PRODUCTS formed from benzene: 1. Benzene > BromoBenzeneBr2(l)/ FeBr3
- 122. Benzene > Amine * 2-step process1. (to -NO2 first)
conc. HNO3/ conc. H2SO4, 60℃
2. Amine
- Sn/ conc. HCL, heat
- NaOH (aq.) - 133. Benzene > MethylBenzeneCH3Cl/ AlCl3
- 14PRODUCTS formed from methylbenzene: 1. MethylBenzene > 2,4-directing NO2 attachedconc. HNO3/ conc. h2SO4, 30℃
- 152. MethylBenzene > 2,4-directing bromine attachedBr2(l)/ FeBr3
- 163. MethylBenzene > halogen attached directly to -CH3limited Cl2(g), uv or heat.
- 174. MethylBenzene > carboxylic acidKMnO4/ H2SO4, heat
- 18Synthetic routes involving HALOGENOALKANES< NEXT >
- 19FORMATION of halogenoalkane: 1. Alkane > HalogenoalkaneBr2(l), uv or heat.
- 202. Alkene > HalogenoalkaneHBr(g)
- 213. Alcohol > HalogenoalkanePBr3, heat.
- 22PRODUCTS from halogenoalkane 1. Halogenoalkane > Alcohol (Substitution)NaOH(aq.), heat
- 232. Halogenoalkane > Alkene (Elimination)Ethanolic NaOH, heat
- 243. Halogenoalkane > Amineconc. NH3(l), heat in sealed tube
- 254. 2-step process to from Amine1. form Nirtile first
- Ethanolic KCN, heat.
2. LiAlH4 in dry ether. - 265. 2-step process to form carboxylic acid & carboxylatecarboxylic from nitrile:
- ethanolic KCN, heat
- H2SO4(aq.), heat
Carboxylate from nitrile
- Ethanolic KCN, heat
- NaOH(aq.), heat. - 27Synthetic route involving Primary alcohols< NEXT >
- 28FORMATION of Primary Alcohols: 1. Alkene > AlcoholIndustrial method:
H2O(g), 300℃, 60 atm, conc. H3PO4.
Laboratory method:
conc. H2SO4, followed by H2O(l), warm - 292. Halogenoalkane > alcoholNaOH(aq.), heat
- 303. Aldehyde > alcoholLiAlH4 in dry ether
or NaBH4
or H2/ Ni - 314. carboxylic acid > alcoholLiAlH4 in dry ether
- 32PRODUCTS formed from primary alcohol: 1. Alcohol > halogenoalkanePCl5
or PBr3, heat
or PI3, heat - 332. Alcohol > AldehydeK2Cr2O7/ H2SO4, heat with immediate distillation
- 343. Alcohol > Carboxylic acidK2Cr2O7/ H2SO4 or KMnO4/H2SO4, heat
- 354. Alcohol > Alkeneexcess conc. H2SO4, 170℃
- 365. Alcohol > salt *acid+metalNa(s)
- 37Synthetic routes involving Secondary Alcohols< NEXT >
- 38FORMATION of secondary alcohols: 1. Alkene > alcoholIndustrial method:
H2O(g), 300℃, 60atm, conc. H3PO4.
Laboratory method:
conc. H2SO4, followed by H2O(l), warm. - 392. Halogenoalkane > alcoholNaOH(aq.), heat
- 403. Ketone > AlcoholLiAlH4 in dry ether
or NaBH4
or H2/Ni - 41PRODUCTS formed from secondary alcohols 1. alcohol > halogenoalkanePCl5
PBr3, heat
PI3, heat - 422. Alcohol > ketoneK2Cr2O7/H2SO4 or KMnO4/H2SO4, heat
- 433. Alcohol > alkeneexcess conc. H2SO4, 170℃
- 444. Alcohol > salt * acid + metalNa(s)
- 45Synthetic routes involving ALDEHYDES< NEXT >
- 46FORMATION of aldehyde: 1. alcohol > aldehydeK2Cr2O7/H2SO4, heat with immediate distillation
- 47PRODUCTS formed from aldehyde: 1. aldehyde > carboxylic acidK2Cr2O7/H2SO4 or KMnO4/H2SO4, heat
- 482. Aldehyde > AlcoholLiAlH4 in dry ether
or NaHB4
or H2/Ni - 493. Aldehyde > Amine * 2-step process1. (form nitrile first)
- HCN with trace KCN (or trace NaOH)
or KCN + H2SO4
2. (Amine)
- LiAlH4 in dry ether
or H2/Ni - 504. Aldehyde > Carboxylic acid *2-step process1. (form nitrile first)
- HCN with trace KCN (or trace NaOH)
or KCN + H2SO4
2. Carboxylic acid
- dil. H2SO4, heat - 515. Aldehyde > carboxylate * 2-step process1. (form nitrile first)
- HCN with trace KCN (or trace NaOH)
or KCN + H2SO4
2. Carboxylate
- NaOH(aq.), heat - 52Synthetic routes involving KETONES< NEXT >
- 53FORMATION of ketones: 1. alcohol > KetoneK2Cr2O7/H2SO4 or KMnO4/H2SO4, heat
- 54PRODUCTS formed from ketones: 1. ketone > alcoholLiAlH4 in dry ether
or NaHB4
or H2/Ni - 552. ketone > amine * 2-step process1. 1. (form nitrile first)
- HCN with trace KCN (or trace NaOH)
or KCN + H2SO4
2. LiAlH4 in dry ether
or H2/Ni - 563. ketone > carboxylic acid *2-step process1. (form nitrile first)
- HCN with trace KCN (or trace NaOH)
or KCN + H2SO4
2. dil. H2SO4, heat - 574. Ketone > carboxylate *2-step process1. (form nitrile first)
- HCN with trace KCN (or trace NaOH)
or KCN + H2SO4
2. NaOH(aq.), heat - 58Synthetic routes involving CARBOXYLIC ACIDS< NEXT >
- 59FORMATION of carboxylic acids: 1. Alkene > carboxylic acidconc. KMnO4/H2SO4, heat
- 602. alcohol > carboxylic acidK2Cr2O7/H2SO4 or KMnO4/H2SO4, heat
- 613. aldehyde > carboxylic acidK2Cr2O7/H2SO4 or KMnO4/H2SO4, heat
- 624. nitrile > carboxylic acid (*Hydrolysis)H2SO4(aq.), heat
- 635. Acid chloride > carboxylic acidH2O(l)
- 646. ester > carboxylic acidH2SO4(aq.), heat
or NaOH(aq.), heat followed by addition of H2SO4(aq.) - 65PRODUCTS formed from Carboxylic acid: 1. carboxylic acid > alcoholLiAlH4 in dry ether
- 662. carboxylic acid > acid chloridePCl5
- 673. carboxylic acid > carboxylateNa(s) or NaOH(aq.) or Na2CO3
(+ H2 or + H2O or + CO2 respectively) - 684. carboxylic acid > ammonia salt?NH3(aq.)
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- Flashcards on A level Chemistry conditions and reagents, created by Samantha Seah on 08/11/2014.
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