1605442
Description
Flashcards by Samantha Seah, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Samantha Seah
about 10 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Synthetic routes involving ALKENES | < NEXT > |
| FORMATION of Alkenes 1. Halogenoalkanes > Alkene | Ethanolic KOH/NaOH, heat |
| 2. Alcohol > Alkene | excess conc. H2SO4, 170℃. |
| PRODUCTS formed from alkene: 1. Alkene > halogenoalkane | Br2(l) in CCL4 |
| 2. Alkene > (alkane with Br & OH) | Br2 (aq.) |
| 3. Alkene > alcohol | Industrial method: H20(g), 300℃ , 60 atm, conc. H3PO4. Laboratory method: conc. H2SO4, followed by H2O(l), warm. |
| 4. Alkene > Alkane | H2(g)/ Ni catalyst, 150℃ |
| 5. Alkene > di-ol | cold dil. KMnO4/ NaOH(aq.) |
| Oxidation of Alkene | PRODUCTS 1. terminal carbon - CO2 + H2O 2. -R & -H group -carboxylic acid 3. -R & -R group - ketone |
| Synthetic route involving BENZENE and METHYLBENZENE | < NEXT > |
| PRODUCTS formed from benzene: 1. Benzene > BromoBenzene | Br2(l)/ FeBr3 |
| 2. Benzene > Amine * 2-step process | 1. (to -NO2 first) conc. HNO3/ conc. H2SO4, 60℃ 2. Amine - Sn/ conc. HCL, heat - NaOH (aq.) |
| 3. Benzene > MethylBenzene | CH3Cl/ AlCl3 |
| PRODUCTS formed from methylbenzene: 1. MethylBenzene > 2,4-directing NO2 attached | conc. HNO3/ conc. h2SO4, 30℃ |
| 2. MethylBenzene > 2,4-directing bromine attached | Br2(l)/ FeBr3 |
| 3. MethylBenzene > halogen attached directly to -CH3 | limited Cl2(g), uv or heat. |
| 4. MethylBenzene > carboxylic acid | KMnO4/ H2SO4, heat |
| Synthetic routes involving HALOGENOALKANES | < NEXT > |
| FORMATION of halogenoalkane: 1. Alkane > Halogenoalkane | Br2(l), uv or heat. |
| 2. Alkene > Halogenoalkane | HBr(g) |
| 3. Alcohol > Halogenoalkane | PBr3, heat. |
| PRODUCTS from halogenoalkane 1. Halogenoalkane > Alcohol (Substitution) | NaOH(aq.), heat |
| 2. Halogenoalkane > Alkene (Elimination) | Ethanolic NaOH, heat |
| 3. Halogenoalkane > Amine | conc. NH3(l), heat in sealed tube |
| 4. 2-step process to from Amine | 1. form Nirtile first - Ethanolic KCN, heat. 2. LiAlH4 in dry ether. |
| 5. 2-step process to form carboxylic acid & carboxylate | carboxylic from nitrile: - ethanolic KCN, heat - H2SO4(aq.), heat Carboxylate from nitrile - Ethanolic KCN, heat - NaOH(aq.), heat. |
| Synthetic route involving Primary alcohols | < NEXT > |
| FORMATION of Primary Alcohols: 1. Alkene > Alcohol | Industrial method: H2O(g), 300℃, 60 atm, conc. H3PO4. Laboratory method: conc. H2SO4, followed by H2O(l), warm |
| 2. Halogenoalkane > alcohol | NaOH(aq.), heat |
| 3. Aldehyde > alcohol | LiAlH4 in dry ether or NaBH4 or H2/ Ni |
| 4. carboxylic acid > alcohol | LiAlH4 in dry ether |
| PRODUCTS formed from primary alcohol: 1. Alcohol > halogenoalkane | PCl5 or PBr3, heat or PI3, heat |
| 2. Alcohol > Aldehyde | K2Cr2O7/ H2SO4, heat with immediate distillation |
| 3. Alcohol > Carboxylic acid | K2Cr2O7/ H2SO4 or KMnO4/H2SO4, heat |
| 4. Alcohol > Alkene | excess conc. H2SO4, 170℃ |
| 5. Alcohol > salt *acid+metal | Na(s) |
| Synthetic routes involving Secondary Alcohols | < NEXT > |
| FORMATION of secondary alcohols: 1. Alkene > alcohol | Industrial method: H2O(g), 300℃, 60atm, conc. H3PO4. Laboratory method: conc. H2SO4, followed by H2O(l), warm. |
| 2. Halogenoalkane > alcohol | NaOH(aq.), heat |
| 3. Ketone > Alcohol | LiAlH4 in dry ether or NaBH4 or H2/Ni |
| PRODUCTS formed from secondary alcohols 1. alcohol > halogenoalkane | PCl5 PBr3, heat PI3, heat |
| 2. Alcohol > ketone | K2Cr2O7/H2SO4 or KMnO4/H2SO4, heat |
| 3. Alcohol > alkene | excess conc. H2SO4, 170℃ |
| 4. Alcohol > salt * acid + metal | Na(s) |
| Synthetic routes involving ALDEHYDES | < NEXT > |
| FORMATION of aldehyde: 1. alcohol > aldehyde | K2Cr2O7/H2SO4, heat with immediate distillation |
| PRODUCTS formed from aldehyde: 1. aldehyde > carboxylic acid | K2Cr2O7/H2SO4 or KMnO4/H2SO4, heat |
| 2. Aldehyde > Alcohol | LiAlH4 in dry ether or NaHB4 or H2/Ni |
| 3. Aldehyde > Amine * 2-step process | 1. (form nitrile first) - HCN with trace KCN (or trace NaOH) or KCN + H2SO4 2. (Amine) - LiAlH4 in dry ether or H2/Ni |
| 4. Aldehyde > Carboxylic acid *2-step process | 1. (form nitrile first) - HCN with trace KCN (or trace NaOH) or KCN + H2SO4 2. Carboxylic acid - dil. H2SO4, heat |
| 5. Aldehyde > carboxylate * 2-step process | 1. (form nitrile first) - HCN with trace KCN (or trace NaOH) or KCN + H2SO4 2. Carboxylate - NaOH(aq.), heat |
| Synthetic routes involving KETONES | < NEXT > |
| FORMATION of ketones: 1. alcohol > Ketone | K2Cr2O7/H2SO4 or KMnO4/H2SO4, heat |
| PRODUCTS formed from ketones: 1. ketone > alcohol | LiAlH4 in dry ether or NaHB4 or H2/Ni |
| 2. ketone > amine * 2-step process | 1. 1. (form nitrile first) - HCN with trace KCN (or trace NaOH) or KCN + H2SO4 2. LiAlH4 in dry ether or H2/Ni |
| 3. ketone > carboxylic acid *2-step process | 1. (form nitrile first) - HCN with trace KCN (or trace NaOH) or KCN + H2SO4 2. dil. H2SO4, heat |
| 4. Ketone > carboxylate *2-step process | 1. (form nitrile first) - HCN with trace KCN (or trace NaOH) or KCN + H2SO4 2. NaOH(aq.), heat |
| Synthetic routes involving CARBOXYLIC ACIDS | < NEXT > |
| FORMATION of carboxylic acids: 1. Alkene > carboxylic acid | conc. KMnO4/H2SO4, heat |
| 2. alcohol > carboxylic acid | K2Cr2O7/H2SO4 or KMnO4/H2SO4, heat |
| 3. aldehyde > carboxylic acid | K2Cr2O7/H2SO4 or KMnO4/H2SO4, heat |
| 4. nitrile > carboxylic acid (*Hydrolysis) | H2SO4(aq.), heat |
| 5. Acid chloride > carboxylic acid | H2O(l) |
| 6. ester > carboxylic acid | H2SO4(aq.), heat or NaOH(aq.), heat followed by addition of H2SO4(aq.) |
| PRODUCTS formed from Carboxylic acid: 1. carboxylic acid > alcohol | LiAlH4 in dry ether |
| 2. carboxylic acid > acid chloride | PCl5 |
| 3. carboxylic acid > carboxylate | Na(s) or NaOH(aq.) or Na2CO3 (+ H2 or + H2O or + CO2 respectively) |
| 4. carboxylic acid > ammonia salt? | NH3(aq.) |
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