Created by Lucia Halamová
over 5 years ago
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Question | Answer |
Explicit/declarative memory EPISODIC | Memory of one's personal past experiences |
Explicit/declarative memory SEMANTIC | The memories for knowledge about the world |
Implicit memory – PROCEDURAL | A type of implicit memories that involves motor skills and behavioural habits |
FLASHBULB MEMORIES | Vivid episodic memories for the circumstances in which people first learned of a surprising, consequential, or emotionally arousing event |
PRIMING | When we're presented with something once it is easier to recall it when we see it another time - can be very long-lasting |
INTENTIONAL LEARNING | Persistent, continual process to acquire, understand and use a variety of strategies to improve one's ability to attain and apply knowledge |
INCIDENTAL LEARNING | Incidental learning refers to any learning that is unplanned or unintended. It develops while engaging in a task or activity and may also arise as a by-product of planned learning. |
PRIMACY EFFECT | The primacy effect is the tendency to remember the first piece of information we encounter better than information presented later on - longer time for consolidation helps to remember it more (relies on long-term memory) |
RECENCY EFFECT | The fact that we recall the latest information better - works the best short time after learning something |
Seven plus or minus two | This refers to the capacity of our working memory |
CHUNKS | Capacity of working memory doesn't refer to items but to chunks |
CENTRAL EXECUTIVE | It controls the three slave systems: Visuospatial sketchpad, Episodic buffer, Phonological loop |
VISUOSPATIAL SKETCHPAD | The section of one's normal mental facility which provides a virtual environment for physical simulation, calculation, visualization and optical memory recall |
EPISODIC BUFFER | Is theorized to integrate the other functions, known as the phonological loop (information heard) and visio-spatial sketchpad (information seen) with a sense of time, so that things occur in a continuing sequence, like a story from a book or movie. |
PHONOLOGICAL LOOP | It represents a brief store of mainly verbal information together with a rehearsal mechanism |
Shallow processing | Cognitive processing of a stimulus that focuses on its superficial, perceptual characteristics rather than its meaning. It is considered that processing at this shallow level produces weaker, shorter-lasting memories than deep processing |
Deep processing | Deep processing requires the use of semantic processing (how words work together to create meaning) which creates a much stronger memory trace |
Maintenance rehearsal | Process of repeatedly verbalizing or thinking about a piece of information; short-term memory time can be increased to about 30 seconds by using Maintenance Rehearsal. |
Mnemonics | Learning aids, strategies, and devices, and devices that improve recall through the use of retrieval cues |
Retrograde amnesia | A condition in which people lose past memories, such as memories for events, facts, people, or even personal information |
Retrieval Cues | Anything that helps a person (or a non-human animal) recall information stored in long-term memory |
Encoding specificity principle | The idea that any stimulus that is encoded along with an experience can later trigger a memory for the experience |
Context reinstatement | This effect occurs when the reinstatement (i.e. revisiting) of an environmental context acts as a cue for past memories related to that particular environmental context |
Retention interval | Refers to the amount of time that elapses between the end of a witness's encounter with a perpetrator and any subsequent testing of the witness's memory for that encounter |
Decay | Decay theory proposes that memory fades due to the mere passage of time. Information is, therefore, less available for later retrieval as time passes and memory, as well as memory strength, wears away. |
Interference | It is the amount of info that interferes with the learnt info that determines how fast we forget |
Proactive interference | Interference that occurs when old information inhibits the ability to remember new information (OLD over NEW) |
Retroactive interference | Interference when new information inhibits the ability to remember old information (NEW over OLD) |
Misinformation effect | the change in memory due to the presentation of information that is relevant to the target memory, such as leading questions or suggestions |
Confirmation bias | is the tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms one's preexisting beliefs or hypotheses |
Own race bias | The Own Race Bias is the tendency to recognize and differentiate between faces of our own race more easily than faces of another race. This explains why someone might think that members of another racial or ethnic group “all look alike.” |
Own-age bias | Tendency to remember people of our own age |
Own-gender bias | Tendency to remember people of our own gender much better |
Schemas | Cognitive structures that help us perceive, organize, process, and use information |
Rationalisation | altering something to make it make sense to you |
Levelling | Levelling involves removing or downplaying details from the memory to fit with what makes sense to you |
Sharpening | sharpening involves adding or exaggerating details to fit with what makes sense to you |
Reconstructive memory | Bartlett’s central insight was that memory is not like a tape recorder: it doesn’t faithfully play back our experiences. Instead, it changes or “reconstructs” them imaginatively. |
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