16257760
Description
Flashcards by Chanelle Titchener, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Chanelle Titchener
about 6 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Emotional Characteristics | - Persistent fear that is likely to be excessive and unreasonable - Often accompanied by feelings of anxiety and panic - Occur upon anticipation of the feared stimulus and are out of proportion with the danger posed |
| Behavioural Characteristics | - Immediate effort to avoid the stimulus |
| Cognitive Characteristics | - Irrational nature of the person's thinking and the resistance to rational arguments - Recognises that their fear is unreasonable and excessive |
| Behavioural Approach to Explaining Phobias | Two-process model - Classical conditioning = initiation - Operant conditioning = maintenance |
| Maintenance | - Avoidance = operant conditioning - The likelihood of a behaviour being repeated is increased if the outcome is rewarding - Avoidance of a phobia = negative reinforcement |
| Social learning | - Neo-behaviourist - Phobias may be acquired through modelling the behaviour of others, most commonly a parent |
| Evaluation | Biological preparedness > Seligman (1970) suggested that animals are genetically programmed to rapidly learn the association between potentially dangerous stimuli and fear > "Ancient fears" - people are less likely to fear more modern objects |
| Evaluation | Two-process model ignores cognitive factors > The cognitive approach suggests that phobias may develop as a result of irrational thinking > These thoughts can lead to extreme anxiety and trigger a phobia |
| Evaluation | Support for Social Learning > Bandura and Rosenthal (1966) > A model acted as though they were in pain everytime a buzzer sounded > Participants who observed this showed an emotional reaction to the buzzer sound > Acquired 'fear' response |
| Behavioural Approach to Treating Phobias | Systematic Desensitisation - Counterconditioning = patient is taught a new association with the stimuli (relaxation instead of fear) - Relaxation = patient is taught relaxation techniques (focusing on breathing) - Desensitisation Hierarchy = order of anxiety |
| Evaluation | Not appropriate for all phobias > Öhman et al (1975) > Not effective in treating phobias with an underlying evolutionary survival component |
| Evaluation | Strengths of behavioural therapy > Fast and require less effort on the patient's part than other behavioural therapies > SD can be self administered |
| Behavioural Approach to Treating Phobias | Flooding - One long session where the patient experiences their phobia at its worst - Practising relaxation |
| Evaluation | Individual differences > Can be highly traumatic > Patients may leave during the session, but reduces the effectiveness of the treatment |
| Evaluation | Effectiveness > Those patients who stick with flooding as a treatment, it is found to be effective and relatively quick compared to CBT and SD > Choy et al (2007) reported that both were effective but was more so out of the 2 at treating phobias |
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