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Flashcards by Jacob Rickayzen, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Jacob Rickayzen
about 6 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| The Panathenaia | Founded by Theseus Held in honour of Athena’s birthday Every fourth year a ‘Great Panathenaia’ was held. Unlike the Panathenaia, the Great Panathenaia lasted 8 days instead of 7 and all Greek citizens were able to compete as opposed to only Athenian citizens being able to compete. |
| Panathenaia: Order of events | 1. Rhapsodic and musical contests 2. Boy’s and youth’s athletics 3. Men’s athletics 4. Equestrian events 5. Tribal contests 6. All-night celebration, procession and sacrifice 7. Apobates and boat race 8. Prize-giving |
| Rhapsodic and musical contests | Verses recited from Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey by Rhapsodes (need good memory) 4 competitions for music Singers accompanied by Aulos Soloists on the aulos Singers accompanied by the kithara Soloists on the kithara |
| The sporting events | 3/8 days of Great Panathenaia Exclusively for athenians, no women allowed to compete Prize - Panathenaic amphora= storage jars containing olive oil with a picture of Athena and the event they'd won. Showed the importance and honour paid to Athena |
| The stadion | Running the length of the stadium |
| Wrestling | Competitions try and get opponent down onto back and shoulders = ‘fall’ 3 falls to win People covered in oil No biting, kicking, punching Tripping was allowed. |
| Boxing | No headgear Wrap knuckles with leather strips Try to knock out |
| Prankration | Wrestling, boxing, kicking - everything No eye gouging, biting |
| Pentathlon | Discus, javelin, long jump, station, wrestling 3 didn’t take place as its own event, so they came first If someone won first 3 events, then stadion and wrestling not done |
| Equestrian events | 4th day, 7th day - apobates 4 horse chariot race, mounted javelin, apobates Mounted javelin- hit targets while riding Apobates- dismount chariots while racing, run alongside for a bit, then mount again Prize went to owner of horse |
| Tribal contests | 10 tribes of Athens Series of strength trials Boat race in Piraeus War dance competition with aulos |
| Panathenaic Procession, all night dance and sacrifice | Evening before procession, all night celebration on Acropolis Torch race 2 miles From Dipylon gate to altar on acropolis Run with lit torch Winner’s torch used to light sacrificial flame used in the sacrifice to Athena next day |
| Peplos (dress for Athena) | 6th day Greek dress stitched using saffron and purple cloth Scenes from the gigantomachy Two made Small one presented to Athena wooden statue Big one used as sail for a ceremonial sail that was pushed towards the Acropolis and then taken up to the Acropolis |
| The Panathenaic procession a and the Parthenon | Depicted on ionic frieze of the Parthenon Follows the northern and southern route |
| Panathenaia: The sacrifice | Once procession finished, sacrifice began at altar of Athena Polias Only Athenians allowed on Acropolis - real sense of belonging Up to 100 oxen and other animals sacrificed to Athena After the gods share of meat, the priest and prominent members would feats and then the rest of the community |
| The City Dionysia | Took place over 5 days during mid-March Started at the gates of Athens, but majority in the sanctuary of DIonysus |
| City Dionysia: Origins of festival | City founded in 6th century BC Date coincided with the alliance of Eleutherae and Athens - Eleutherae hated the Thebans and they desired Athenian citizenship When the wooden statue of Dionysus from Eleutherae came, the Athenians rejected it Genitals disease arose The Athenians accepted Dionysus into their city and honoured him with drama, revelry and initiated the great Dionysia |
| The sanctuary of Dionysus | Built on the south side of Acropolis Small, north-west of sanctuary |
| City Dionysia: Officials | Eponymous archon - an Athenian magistrate elected for one year Would select 3 tragic playwrights, 5 comic playwrights who would have to write the plays, 17 (total) Archon chose choregos - chorus director - the financial back of play in Athens |
| City Dionysia: Participants | Dithyramb competition - 100 members from each tribe, choral dance in honour of Dionysus Tragic and comic participants could be divided into two groups - professional actors and amateur chorus members Actors pursued theatre as career, amateur chorus members drawn from citizen body Night before festival = torchlight procession Same happened in 6th century BC when wooden statue carried into the city |
| City Dionysia: Order of events | 1. Pompe, dithyrambs contests, looms 2. Opening ceremony, 5 comedies 3. 3 tragedies, 1 satyr play 4. 3 tragedies, 1 satyr play 5. 3 tragedies, 1 satyr play; Judging and prize giving |
| City Dionysia: Pompe, dithyramb contests Komodo | 1st day morning - Pompe/grand procession Wooden statue Dionysus in a boat on wheels from city to the sanctuary Drinking, dancing, sacrifices Then dithyramb - choral song and dance for Dionysus Komos - evening first day Only men Leather phalluses brought and given to Dionysus Singing, dancing, drinking |
| Opening ceremony and comedies | Start of 2nd day Priest of Dionysus sacrificed pig 10 generals of Athens poured a libation to the twelve gods Theatrical contests cost 2 obols Theories fund set up to help poor to attend 5 comedies shown - 1 = 1 and half hour |
| Comedy | Themes: war, politics, social life Reversed roles and showed feelings, relief |
| The tragedies and prize giving | Tragedies performed as trilogy + satyr play Day each devoted to 3 playwrights Emphasis on tragedy over comedy at Dionysia |
| Tragedy | Human suffering and questioning human nature Audience thought reflected in their own lives Main character usually had a hamartia (fatal flaw that led to their downfall) Catharsis for audience (release of emotions) |
| Satyr plays | Part of 4 plays written by 1 playwright Comic and mythological Could be in the middle of the tragedies. Lightened the mood. |
| Judging | 5th day Eponymous archon drew 5 of the 10 lists Playwright with most votes = victor Prize = garland of ivy = symbol of Dionysus |
| ROMAN festivals | Lupercalia Saturnalia |
| The Lupercalia | Celebrated fertility and health Avert evil and purify the city. |
| The Lupercalia Origins | Derived from a festival of purification and purity in honour of the god Lupercus The word lupus means ‘wolf’ and so honoured Romulus Annually took place - 15th February |
| Lupercalia Officials | Priests - Luperci Chosen for the day from noble male population |
| Lupercalia: The order of events | 1. Priests gathered in Lupercal - cave in Palatine Hill where Romulus and Remus were suckled by the wolf Consisted of altar to Lupercus 2. Luperci divided into 2 groups and did a sacrifice in honour 3. Teams then did race around the foot of the hill |
| Lupercalia: The sacrifice | On entering, dogs and goats were sacrificed to Lupercus Known for virility Mola salsa sprinkled, head bowed, throats slit, knife was dipped in blood, which was dripped onto foreheads of participants, then immediately wiped off with wool soaked in milk Luperci were supposed to laugh Haruspex read entrails Meat eaten and animal skinned for used for covering body and during race They ran naked during the race as the god preferred it that way |
| Lupercalia: The race | Public part of festival Run around foot of Palatine Hill Route took them through Roman Forum Runners would whip spectators to grant fertility |
| The Saturnalia | In honour of Saturn - Roman God of agriculture and liberation |
| Saturnalia: Origins | God of sowing and the seed - celebrated the end of the winter sowing Began at winter solstice - celebrated the coming of new light, rebirth, positive future Ruled when gods and humans lived together as equals - celebrated in hope of the return of this golden age All levels of society took part Longest = 17th-23rd December, shortened to 3 and then 5 days Linked with Christianity and Christmas |
| Saturnalia: Officials | (479 BC) Temple of Saturn in the Roman Forum dedicated during Saturnalia The priests of the temple provided as religious officials (elected for 1 year) Public feast responsibility = Senate and state money |
| Saturnalia: Order of events | Sacrifice on 1st day From start of festival, business suspended, national holiday Whole city free to take part |
| Saturnalia: The sacrifice | Unlike Roman sacrifices, the priest uncovered his head Because of relationship of Saturn and Cronus (Greek) |
| Saturnalia: The public feast | State paid for feast Large expense as everyone took part Lasted several days Streets Statue of Saturn that sat at the banquet table Signify his presence |
| Saturnalia: Private feasting | Promoted equality Slaves and masters witched role Masters removed there togas and all would wear party dress Men wore felt cap as a sign of freedom Slaves honoured Slaves are prepared a dinner Only afterwards does the master eat Presents were given to people |
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