1688297
Description
Flashcards by Sierra Villanueva, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Sierra Villanueva
about 10 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Trepanning | - Ancient practices where holes where cut into ill person's head. - Released evil spirits |
| Hippocrates | Mental illness was caused by imbalance of four humors |
| Middle Ages | Mentally ill were labeled as witches |
| Statistical Deviance | Frequently occurring behavior would be normal and rare behavior would be considered abnormal. |
| Social Norm Deviance | Going against norms of society |
| Subjective Discomfort/ Distress | Dysfunction/inability to function normally - hard to meet demands of daily living *Best definition of Abnormality* |
| Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-V) | - manual of psychological disorders and their symptoms - Lists over 250 disorders and describes typical course of illness - Diagnosis is across 5 axes |
| Therapeutic "Management" | - Lobotomy - Insulin Shock - Electroconvulsive Therapy |
| Schizophrenia | Severe disorder in which the person suffers from disordered thinking, bizarre behavior, hallucinations and inability to distinguish between fantasy and reality |
| Halllucinations | False sensory perceptions - Auditory hallucinations most common |
| 1. Delusions 2. Delusions of persecution | 1. False beliefs 2. belief that others are trying to harm the individual |
| Delusions of persecution | belief that others are trying to harm the individual |
| Delusions of grandeur | belief one possesses special powers |
| Cognitive Slippage | ideas are not connected in a logical fashion |
| Disorganized Cognition | Ideas and speech are totally unpredictable and/or nonsensical |
| Affective disturbances | blunted or flatt affect - Inappropriate affect |
| Paranoid Schizophrenia | delusions of persecution, grandeur, jealousy - suspicious, hallucinations |
| Disorganized Schizophrenia | - behavior is bizarre - thinking, speech, and motor actions are disordered |
| Catatonic Schizophrenia | - Person experiences periods of statue-like immobility - Mixed with bursts of energetic, frantic movement, and talking |
| Anxiety disorders | Main symptom is excessive or unrealistic anxiety and fearfulness |
| Phobia | Irrational, persistent fear of an object, situation, or social activity |
| Social Phobia | - fear of interacting with others - Being in social situations that might lead to a negative evaluation |
| Specific Phobia | - fear of objects of specific situations or events |
| Agoraphobia | fear of being in situation where escape is difficult or impossible |
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder | - experience feelings of dread and impending doom. - Physical symptoms of stress - Symptoms last 6 months or more |
| Panic Attack | - sudden onset of intense panic - multiple physical symptoms of stress - Often with feelings that one is dying |
| Panic disorder with Agoraphobia | - fear of leaving one's familiar surrounding - possibility of panic attack in public |
| Obsessive compulsive disorder | - intruding, recurring thoughts or obsessions create anxiety - relieved by performing a repetitive ritualistic behavior |
| Post-traumatic Stress Disorder | - exposure to major stressor - symptoms of anxiety, and/or re-experiencing the event (nightmares, flashbacks) |
| Mood Disorder | - disturbance in emotion - also referred to as affective disorder |
| Major Depression | - severe form of depression that comes on suddenly - seems to have no external cause and there is a risk of suicide - Most common form of diagnosed mood disorders |
| Bipolar disorder | - severe mood swings between major depressive episodes and manic episodes |
| Manic episodes | excessive excitement, energy, and elation or irritability |
| Anorexia nervosa | - eating disorder where individual reduces eating - Weight loss 15% below expected body weight - Distorted body image |
| Bulimia nervosa | - eating disorder with a cycle of "bingeing" or overeating enormous amounts of food in one sitting - using inappropriate methods for avoiding weight gain - deliberate vomiting and laxative abuse |
| Personality Disorders | - Persistent, rigid, and maladaptive pattern of behavior. - behavior interferes with normal social interactions |
| Personality Disorders categorized in these 3 groups: | - Odd and Eccentric - Dramatic and Emotional - Fearful and Anxious |
| Antisocial Personality Disorders | - no morals or conscience - Often behaves in an impulsive manner - no regard for the consequences of behavior |
| Borderline Personality disorders | -relationships with others are intense and relatively unstable - moody, unstable, lacks a clear sense of identity, and often clings to others |
| Psychotherapy | - treats mental disorders - talk with a psychological professional |
| Insight therapy | type of psychotherapy in which person gains insight about behavior, thoughts and feelings |
| Action therapy | - type of psychotherapy - works on directly changing behavior |
| Characteristics of Effectiveness of Psychotherapy | - Therapeutic Alliance: relationship between client and therapist - Protected Setting: safety for client - Opportunity for catharsis - learning and practice of new behavior |
| Freud's Psychoanalysis | - Insight Therapy - Free Association - Resistance - Transference/ Countertransference |
| Insight Therapy | emphasizes revealing unconscious conflicts - dream therapy |
| Free Association | patient is free to say anything that comes to mind with no fear of negative evaluation |
| Resistance | Patient reluctant to talk about certain aspects |
| Transference | therapist becomes a symbol of parental authority figure from the past |
| Countertransference | Therapist has transference reaction to patient |
| Roger's Person-Centered Therapy ( 4 Elements) | !. Reflection: therapists restates clients thoughts 2. Unconditional Positive Regards: accepting atmosphere 3. Empathy: understanding of clients feelings 4. Authenticity : genuine, open and honest responses |
| Behavioral Therapy | - Action-based rather than insight based therapy - change behavior through learning new responses - New learning corrects problems |
| Therapies based on Classical Conditioning | old and undesirable automatic responses can be replaced by desirable ones |
| Systemxatiatic desensitization | - used to treat phobias - Client is first taught deep muscle relaxation - Next creates a list of ordered fears (Hierarchy of Fear) - Pairs fear with relaxation |
| Aversion Therapy | - undesirable behavior is paired with aversive stimulus. - reduces frequency of behavior |
| Therapies based on Social Learning | - Modeling -Participant Modeling |
| Modeling | (Social Learning based therapy) - Learning through observation, imitation of a model |
| Participant Modeling | (Social Learning based theory) - Model demonstrates the desired behavior in step-by- step process - Client is encouraged to imitate |
| Therapies Based on Operant Learning | -Reinforcement - Contingency Contract |
| Reinforcement | (Therapy Based on Operant Learning) - Token Economy: tokens reinforce behavior, can be accumulated and exchanged for desired privileges. - Used effectively to modify behavior of disturbed institutionalized individuals |
| Contigency Contract | (Therapy Based on Operant Learning) - formal, written agreement between therapist and client - Goals for behavioral change, reinforcements, and penalties are clearly stated - Useful in treating problems such as drug addictions |
| Cognitive Therapy | Focus on... - Helping clients recognize distortions in thinking -Replace distorted, unrealistic beliefs with realistic thoughts - Critical thinking applied to ones own beliefs |
| Cognitive Distortion (5 types) | 1. Arbitrary inference 2. Selective thinking 3. Overgeneralization 4. Magnification and Minimization 5. Personalization |
| Arbitrary inference | (Cognitive Distortion) - Jumping to conclusions - Drawing conclusions not based on evidence |
| Selective Thinking | (Cognitive Distortion) - focusing on one aspect of a situation - Ignoring all relevant aspects |
| Overgeneralization | (Cognitive Distortion) - Drawing sweeping conclusions based on only one incident - Applying conclusions to events unrelated to original |
| Magnification and Minimization | (Cognitive Distortion) - Magnification: Negative event blown out of proportion to its importance Minimization: Ignore relevant positive events |
| Personalization | (Cognitive Distortion) Taking responsibilities for events unconnected to the person |
| Rational- Emotive Behavior Therapy | - Clients are directly challenged on irrational beliefs - Restructures thinking into rational belief statements - Therapists are directive, provide homework assignments, and challenge "my way or nothing" statements |
| Group Therapies | Therapists may use one of many approaches or a combination: - Insight, cognitive- behavioral, person-centered - Share problems, provide support |
| Family Counseling | - discover & resolve unhealthy patterns of relating - Open lines of communication - Resolve problems that affect the entire family |
| Self-help Groups | - People with similar problems meet together without a therapist or counselor - Purpose is discussion, problem-solving, and emotional support |
| Advantages of Group Therapy | - lower cost - exposure to way other persons view and handle the same kinds of problems - Opportunity for therapist and client to see interaction with others - Social and emotional support |
| Biomedical Therapies | therapies directly affecting the biological functioning of the body and brain |
| Psychopharmacology | (Biomedical therapy) - the use of drugs to control or relieve the symptoms of psychological disorders |
| Anti-psychotic drugs | (Psychopharmocology) - used to treat psychotic symptoms - delusions, hallucinations, and other bizarre behavior |
| Anti-manic drugs | - used to treat bipolar disorder - include lithium and anticonvulsant drugs |
| Antidepressant drugs | - used to treat depression and anxiety - include MAIOs, tricyclies, SSRIs |
| Electroconvulsive therapy | Treats severe depression - electrodes are place on one or both sides of the head - Unilateral ECT: electrodes placed only on one side |
| Social Psychology | scientific study of how thoughts, feelings, and behavior are influenced by others |
| Three Factors of Social Pyschology | 1. Social Influence- how behavior can be affected by other people 2. Social cognition- ways people think about others 3. Social Interaction- positive & negative aspects of people relating to others |
| Attributions | Explaining one's own behavior and the behavior of others |
| Attribution theory (2 causes) | - Situational Cause - Dispositional Cause |
| Situational Cause | (Attribution theory) - behavior attributed to external factors - such as delays, the actions of others |
| Dispositional Cause | (Attribution theory) - Behavior attributed to internal factors - Such as personality or character |
| Fundamental attribution error | - tending to overestimate influence of internal factors in determining behavior of others - Explain behavior by "What kind of person he/she is" - Underestimate situational factors in determining behavior of others |
| (The Rules of Attraction): Interpersonal attraction | desire for a relationship with identified person |
| Factors involced in Attraction | - Physical Attractiveness: more important early in relationship - Proximity: physical or geographical nearness - Similarity: we prefer being with those who are similar |
| Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love: Three components of love | 1. Intimacy: close emotionally,; psychological, not physical 2. Passion: physical aspect of love 3. Commitment: decisions one makes about the relationship |
| Pro-Social Behavior | socially desirable behavior that benefits others |
| Altruism | Pro-social behavior done with no expectation of reward - May involve the risk of harm to oneself |
| Bystander Effect | Effect the presence of other people has on the decision to help or not help. - Help become less likely as the number of bystanders increase |
| Diffusion of responsibility | Individuals fails to take responsibility for actions or inaction - Presence of other people are seen as sharing the responsibility |
| (Social Cognition) : Attitudes | tendency to respond positively or negatively toward person, object, idea, or situation |
| 3 Components of Attitude | 1. Affective component 2. Behavioral component 3. Cognitive component |
| Formation of Attitudes (Ways to form attitudes) | - Direct Contact.. with the person,situation, object or idea - Direct instruction... from parents or others - Interaction with others... around other people who hold a certain idea - Vicarious Conditioning- Observation of others actions and reactions |
| Social Categorization | Assignment a person you have just met into a category - Automatic, occurs without conscious awareness - Based on characteristics person has in common with other people experienced in the past |
| Stereotype | set of characteristics believed to be shared by all member of a particular social category |
| In-groups Categorizations | social groups a person identifies with - "us" |
| Out-groups Categorizations | Social groups a person does not identify with "They" |
| Prejudice | - negative, unsupported attitude - about members of a particular group ** THE ATTITUDE** |
| Discrimination | treating people differently due to prejudice toward their social group (ageism, sexism, racism) ** THE BEHAVIOR** |
| Social Identity Theory | formation of identity within social groups |
| Formation of identity witihin social groups is explained by three things: | 1. Social categorization- assign selves to social categories to help determine behavior 2. Social Identity- Self concept, view of self as a member of a social group 3. Social comparison- compare self favorably to others to improve self-esteem |
| Sterotype Vulnerability | the effect that awareness of stereotypes associated with social group has on behavior - Are often anxious that behavior might support the stereotype |
| Self-fulfilling prophecy | (Stereotype Vulnerability) - expectations affect behavior and make the stereotype expectation more likely. |
| Stereotype threat | (Stereotype Vulnerability) - Group member anxious about behavior that might support stereotype |
| (Overcoming Prejudice) Equal Status Contact | groups have equal status - Neither group has power over the other |
| Social Influence: Conformity | changing one's own behavior to more closely match the actions of others |
| Solomo Asch Study (1951) | Would participant change response in order to fit in with group response? - Participants conformed to group answer more than 1/3 of the time |
| Aggression | behavior intended to hurt or destroy another person - Frustration, pain can lead to aggression toward available target *Freud: felt aggression was a basic human instinct * |
| Social role | pattern of behavior expected in a particular social position - Ex: Zimbardo Prison Experiment |
| Zimbardo Prison Experiment | - College students simulated prison -Ended after 5 days because students in guard roles became aggressive ** Social roles have a strong influence on behavior** |
| Obedience | changing one's behavior at the command of an authority figure |
| Obedience to Authority: Milgram Study | example of obedience - "Teacher" administered shocks to "learner" - 65% of "teachers" went all the way to experiments 450- volt shock level |
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