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Flashcards by mimiblue890, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by mimiblue890
almost 10 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosome | |
| WHAT DOES THE RIBOSOME DO IN A CELL? | The ribosome controls which substances can come in and out of the cell |
| WHAT IS THE NUCLEUS' ROLE? | It carries the cells genetic info(DNA) |
| WHAT IS THE MITOCHONDRIA FOR? | Energy is release during respiration here |
| WHICH BASES GO WHITH WHICH IN THE DOUBLE HELIX? | A goes with T and G goes with C |
| WHERE IS THE GENETIC INFO CARRIED IN THE DOUBLE HELIX? | In its chromosomes |
| WHO DISCOVERED THE DOUBLE HELIX STRUCTURE? (3) | Rosalyn Franklyn, Francis Crick and Jim Whatson |
| WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF THE DNA? | To make protiens |
| HOW ARE PROTIENS MADE? (5) | 1.The DNA code/sequence of bases are copied to make mRNA 2.It is then carried to the RIBOSOMES 3. Proteins are made in the cytoplasm by the ribosomes 4.A group of 3 bases code for an amino acid. 5.The amino acids join and make a protien |
| WHERE DOES THE AMINO ACIDS JOIN TOGETHER IN THE CELL? | Ribosome |
| WHAT IS A MUTATION? WHAT DOES IT DO? (4) | -The change in the GINETIC CODE -The base sequence changes the AMINO ACID sequence. -The SHAPE of the protein is altered which changes how it FUNCTIONS. - A mutation can also stop a protein from being made. |
| WHAT IS AN ENZYME? WHAT IS IT MADE OF? | An enzyme is a BIOLOGICAL CATALYST that is made of protein |
| HOW DOES THE LOCK AND KEY THEORY WORK? (4) | -There are many different subtrates that fit in specific enzymes. -The reaction takes place in the active site (between the enzyme and subtrate) -The subtrate complex is formed. -The product is then released |
| WHAT IS A STUBSTRATE? | It is the molecule at the start of the reaction |
| WHAT IS THE ACTIVE SITE? | The place in which the ENZYME and SUBTRATE BOND |
| WHAT FACTORS EFFECT ENZYME ACTIVITY? | Temperature and pH |
| HOW DOES TEMEPERATURE AFFECT ENZYME ACTIVITY? (3) | - If the temp is LOW, it is hard for the enzyme to collide with the substrate because of low energy -If the temperature is OPTIMUM (the right amount) then the enzymes collide with the subtrates a lot. -If it is TO HOT for the enzymes and subtrates, it makes it the hardest for the subtrates and enzymes to collide. |
| HOW DOES PH EFFECT ENZYME ACTIVITY? | Less enzymes react with subtrates because the subtrates are DE-NATURED The optimum pH allow enzymes to react a lot more with subtrates. |
| WHAT IS THE TYPE AND FUNCTION OF THE COLLAGEN PROTEIN? | SRTUCTRAL It make the walls of arteries stronger |
| WHAT IS THE TYPE AND FUNCTION OF THE INSULIN PROTEIN? | HORMONE To control blood glucose levels |
| WHAT IS THE TYPE AND FUNCTION OF THE HOEMOGLOBIN PROTEIN? | MOLECULE CARRIER Carries oxygen around the body |
| WHAT IS AN INDEPPENDENT VARIABLE? | Something that can be changed |
| WHAT IS DEPENDENT VARIABLE? | Something that you need to measure |
| WHAT IS CONTROL? | Something that stays the same |
| RESPIRATION WORD EQUATION? | Oxygen + glucose --- carbon dioxide + water |
| RESPIRATION QUOTIENT FORMULA? | RQ= carbon dioxide produced --------------------------------------- oxygen made |
| HOW DO YOU MEASURE REPIRATION RATE? | With a RESPORIMETER, it measures the respiration rate by calculation of the volume of carbon dioxide of oxygen made |
| WHAT IS RESPIRATION FOR? | To carry out life processes (making proteins, temperature and muscle contractions) |
| WHERE DOES RESPIRATION OCCUR IN A CELL? | Mitochondria |
| WHAT IS THE ATP? WHAT IS IT USED FOR? | It is an energy source that is used for the cells processes |
| WHAT DOES BLOOD CONSTIST OF? | -Red blood cells -white blood cell -platelets |
| WHAT DO RED BLOOD CEELLS DO? | It carries the oxygen around the body |
| WHAT DO WHITE BLOOD CELLS DO? | Kills viruses, unhealthy bacteria and fights diseases. |
| WHAT DOO PLATELETS DO? | Clots blood which is used to heal open wounds and cuts. |
| WHAT FACTORS DO RED BLOOD CELLS HAVE THAT ARE EFICIANT FOR ITS FUNCTIONS? (5) | -A dent in the centre allows more oxygen to be absorbed. -It has a small shape but large surface area - They are small so they can carry oxygen to all parts of the body -there is no nucleus so it can carry more oxygen -they are able to join onto a chemical called haemoglobin which allows it to be transported around the body |
| WHAT FEATURES DOES A ARTERY HAVE? (4) | -a small lumen - the blood is at a high pressure -carries blood away from the heart -blood is oxygenated |
| WHAT FEATURES DO RED BLOOD CELLS HAVE THAT ARE EFFICIENT FOR THEIR FUNCTIONS? (5) | -No nucleus so more oxygen can be absorbed -very small so they can carry oxygen to all parts of the body -has a large surface area - have a dent in the middle to absorb a lot of oxygen -join onto a chemical(haemoglobin) so it can be transported around the body |
| WHAT FACTORS DOES AN ARTERY HAVE? (4) | -blood pressure is high -carries blood away from the heart -has a large vacuole -blood is OXYGENATED |
| WHAT FACTORS DOES A VEIN HAVE? (5) | -blood is at a low pressure -carries blood to the heart -has a large lumen -blood is DE-OXYGENATED -has valves to stop blood from flowing the wrong way |
| WHAT FACTORS DOES A CAPILLARY HAVE? WHAT IS IT USED FOR? (5) | -its wall is one cell thick -it joins arteries and veins -carries blood to the tissues -permeable to allow materials to pass through -has a small lumen (only fits on blood cell at a time) |
| WHAT IS THE SINGLE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM? | The blood only passes through the heart once in one circuit. There are only two chamber in the heart. (only fish) |
| WHAT IS A DOULE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM? | The blood passes through the heart twice in one circuit. it has 4 chambers in the heart (only birds and mammals) |
| WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE HEART? THE RIGHT SIDE? THE LEFT SIDE? | -The function of the heart is to pump blood around the body. -The right side pumps blood to the lings -The left side pumps blood to the rest of the body |
| DESCRIBE THE JOURNEY OF THE RED BLOOD CELL (8) | -The red blood cells become oxygenated from when they come from the lungs -the blood then goes into the PULMONARY VEIN (bringing oxygen from the lungs to the LEFT ATRIUM -its then pumped out through the LEFT VENTICAL then the AORTA to the body. -the oxygenated blood is pumped around the body. -It eventually becomes deoxygenated -it is then pumped back into the heart through the VENA CAVA -passes through the RIGHT ATRIUM, RIGHT VENTRICLE and out of the PULMONRY ARTERY into the lungs -process begins again |
| WHAT IS AN ATRIA? | Chambers that receive blood |
| WHAT ARE VENTICLES? | Chamber that pump the blood |
| WHAT ARE BICUSPID/ TRICUSPID/ SEMI LUNA VALVES FOR? | They prevent blood flowing backwards |
| WHAT ARE AORTAS FOR? | Takes oxygenated blood to the body |
| WHAT DOES THE VENA CAVA DO? | Takes de-oxygenated blood to the heart |
| WHAT DOES THE PULMONARY ARTERY DO? | Takes the de-oxygenated blood to the heart also |
| WHAT IS ANEROBIC RESPIRATION? | Is something that takes place during hard exercise when there is insufficient oxygen available. |
| WHAT IS THE WORD EQUATION FOR ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION? | GLUCOSE---- LACTIC ACID(+ ENERGY) |
| DISSADVANTAGES OF ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION? (2) | -The lactic acid that is made by anaerobic respiration builds up in muscles which causes PAIN and FATIGUE -Anaerobic resp releases a lot less energy than aerobic resp. |
| WHAT IS OXYGEN DEPT? | The incomplete breakdown of glucose resulting in the build up of lactic acid . |
| HOW DOES THE BODY RECOVER FROM ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION? | High BREATHING rate and high HEART rate |
| HOW DOES HIGH HEART AND BREATHING RATE HELP RECOVER FRO ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION? (2) | -rapid blood flow can carry the lactic acid to the liver faster. -extra oxygen can be supplied which enables the liver to break down the lactic acid |
| WHAT IS MEANT BY UNICELLULAR? | Things are only consist of one cell |
| WHAT IS MEANT BY MULTICELLULAR? | Made of more than one type of cell? |
| HOW DO UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS REPRODUCE? | The organisms cells divide to form two new cells |
| WHAT ARE THEIR CELLS SURFACE AREA TO VOLUME RATIO? | Unicellular organisms have a small volume but a large surface area |
| HOW DOES OXYGEN AND NUTRIENTS GET INTO A UNICELLULAR ORGANISM? | They absorb it |
| HOW DO MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS REPRODUCE? | Through sexual reproduction, it needs a partner to produce |
| WHAT IS A MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS CELL SURFACE AREA TO VOLUME RATIO? | A large volume but a small surface area |
| HOW DO OXYGEN AND NUTRIENTS GET INTO A MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS CELLS? | They have a specialised organ system (nervous system, transport system, respiratory system) |
| WHAT IS CELL DIFFERENCIATION? | When cells become specialised |
| HOW DOES DNA REPLICATE? (3) | -An enzyme unzips the DNA (double helix) -the free bases join with their complimentary pair(A and T, G and C) -a new double helix is made |
| WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPES OF CELL DEVISION? | Mitosis and Meioosis |
| WHAT IS THE MITOSIS CELL DEVISION USED FOR? | Cell repair and replacement of the body cells |
| WHAT IS MEIOSIS CELL DEVISION USED FOR? | Making new gamete/sex cells |
| WHAT IS CELL DEVISION NEEDED FOR? (3) | -To replace dead cells -To repair broken or damaged cells -Asexual reproduction |
| WHAT ARE THE STEPS OF MITOSIS CELL DEVISION? (5) | -Chromosomes in nucleus copied -Chromatids line up -Chromosomes are pulled apart -nucleus divides -two genetically identical cells produced |
| WHAT ARE THE STEPS OF MIEOSIS CELL DEVISION? (4) | -chromosomes in a parent cell are copied to give two homologous pairs. -chromosome pairs separate -the chromosome strands separate -4 haploid cells are produced |
| A. Acrosome- contains enzymes to digest egg cell B. cell nucleus C. Mitochondria -to release energy D. Tail -to swim to the egg with E. nucleus -contains cells DNA F. Corona radiate -layer of cells that nourish the cell. | |
| MITOSIS ------------------------------ 1.Number of cells produced? 2.Number of chromosomes(haploid/ diploid) 3. Genetically identical? 4.Used for? | 1. 2 2. 2 haploid 3.yes 4. repair and replacement of body cells |
| MEIOSIS ------------------------------ 1. Number of cells produced? 2. Number of chromosomes(haploid/ diploid) 3. Genetically identical? 4. Used for? | 1. 4 2. 4 Haploid 3. No 4. Making sperm and egg cells/gametes/sex cells |
| HOW DO YOU PREPARE AN ONION? (6) | -Peel of a layer of onion(epidermis) -place on a glass slip/microscope slide -add 4 to 5 drops of iodine -place the cover slip on top -put on the microscope stage -focus the microscope |
| WHAT ARE THE SIMILARITIES BETWEEN PLANT AND ANIMAL GROWTH? (2) | -Both cells have special places for cell division to take place. -cell division takes place in both cells |
| WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PLANT AND ANIMAL GROWTH? (3) | -Plants have three phases of rapid growth but animals only have 2 -plant cells retain the ability to differentiate unlike animal cells -plant cells get larger as well as dividing, animal cells only divide |
| WHAT ARE THE THREE WAYS OF MEASURING MASS? (3) | Dry mass Wet mass Length |
| WET MASSS ---------------------------------- ADVANTAGES? (1) ======== DISADVANTAGES? (1) | the organism can me measured live ======= water content may change |
| DRY MASS ------------------------------------- ADVANTAGES? (1) ======== DISADVANTAGES? (2) | more accurate method ======== cannot measure live organisms with this method |
| LENGTH -------------------------------------- ADVANTAGES? (1) ======== DISADVANTAGES? (1) | Quick and easy method ======== organism can change in size |
| WHAT ARE STEM CELLS? | An undifferentiated cell of a multicellular organism which is capable of identifying more cells of the same type and from which certain other kinds of cell arise by differentiation |
| WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AN ADULT AND AN EMBRYONIC STEM CELL? | -Embryonic stem cells can become all cell types of the body. -Embryonic stem cells can be grown easier -Adult stem cells a thought to be limited to differentiating into cell types. |
| WHAT ARE STEM CELLS USED FOR? | -They are able to differentiate into different cell types that make tissues. (e.g. liver and muscle) which can cure diseases of the blood. |
| ARGUEMENT FOR AND AGAINST USING STEM CELLS? | -Some people believe it is un-natural and "should not be trying to play god" ======== -stem cell research in the future can lead to knowledge on how to clone humans |
| WHAT IS SELECTIVE BREEDING? | The process of making two organisms produce offspring with desired characteristics |
| WHAT ARE THE STEPS OF SELECTIVE BREEDING? | -Two species are chosen with desired characteristics -The species cross breed -The offspring with the best characteristics is chosen -This is repeated over several generations |
| ADVANTAGE OF SELECTIVE BREEDING? | An off spring with desired products is produced |
| DISADVANTAGES OF GENETIC VARIATION? | Inbreeding can happen which would make them ill. Also a small gene pool will be created which makes the genes very similar. |
| WHAT IS GENETIC ENGINERING? | The transfer of genes between organisms to produce an organism with different characteristics |
| WHAT ARE THE STEP BY STEP PROCESS OF GENETIC VARIATION? | -SELECT the characteristics -ISCOLATE the gene -INSERT the gene into another organism -REPLICATE the gene multiple times |
| WHAT IS GENETIC ENGINEERING USED FOR? | -make crops that are resistant to disease, herbicides and frost -to help cure diseases like diabetes -to put vitamin A into rice to prevent night blindness |
| DISADVANTAGE AND ADVANTAGES OF GINETIC VARIATION? | -People could be allergic to the new genes or it could become toxic ======= -Can cure diseases like diabetes and night blindness -it produces a desired product quickly |
| WHAT IS GENE THERPY? | changing the genes in the gametes before firtilisation |
| WHAAT IS A CLONE? | A genetic copy of an original and is an example of ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION |
| WHY DO WE CLONE? | -Mass production of animals with desired characteristics -producing organs -producing stem cells |
| WHAT ARE THE STEPS OF CLONING/NUCLEAR TRANSFER? | -Nucleus is removed fro an egg cell -Egg cells nucleus is replaced with the nucleus from a body cell -The egg cell is given an electric shock so the cells start divide -Embryo is planted into a surrogate mother -Embryo grows into a clone of the organism which the body cell came from |
| PROS AND CONS OF CLONING? | -It can treat diseases or conditions (diabetes) -Provides organisms for transplants ======== -Clone embryos can fail to develop -Not reliable -Organs aren't developed properly -Time consuming -Dangerous to humans -Not natural -Creating a life selfishly to benefit others |
| HOW DO POTATOES REPRODUCE? | Potatoes grow shoots and roots from itself and produce more potatoes, these come from the eye (bud) |
| HOW DO STRAWBERRIES REPRODUCE? | -They grow stems called runners -The runners spread over the ground and have buds that grow into tiny strawberry plants called PLANTLETS -These plantlets put down roots and grow into adult plats |
| HOW DO SPIDER PLANTS REPRODUCE? | -Spider plants grow new plants on their stems -These plants are also called plantlets -The plantlets are cut off the parent plant and planted in soil, eventually they grow into adult plants |
| WHAT ARE THE TWO WAYS IN WHICH ARTIFICIAL CLONING CAN BE DONE? | Cuttings and Tissue culture |
| WHAT ARE THE STEPS FOR CUTTINGS? | -A short STEM is cut off from the parent plant -The end of the stem is dipped in ROOTING POWDER to help it grow -The cutting is put into a pot with SANDY SOIL -A polyethene BAG is put over it to keep the MOISTURE in |
| WHAT ARE THE STEPS OF TISSUE CULTURE? | -Plants with DESIRED CHARACTERISTICS are chosen -A LARGE NUMBER OF SMALL PIECES OF TISSUE are taken from the parent plant. They are put into a sterile test tube that CONTAINS GROWTH MEDIUM (nutrients and hormones) |
| PROS AND CONS OF PLANT CLONING? | -Can be sure of characteristics of the plant since all plants will be genetically identical -It is possible to mass produce plants that may be difficult to grow from seed ======== -Lack of genetic variation -If plants become susceptible to disease or there is a change in environmental conditions then all plants will be affected |
| WHAT IS A CLONE? | Something that is made to be genetically identical to something else or the original |
| WHAT IS NUCLEAR TRANSFER? | The process that takes place to produce a clone |
| WHAT ARE PLANTLETS? | The off spring that is produced by plants from an asexual reproduction. |
| WHAT ARE RRUNNERS? | The stems that are grown from the buds of the new asexually reproduced offspring |
| WHAT IS TISSUE CUTTING? | A specific way in which plants are cloned from another plant |
| WHAT IS TISSUE CULTURE? | The second technique that is used to clone plants. Lots of pieces of tissue are taken from taken in this process |
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