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| Question | Answer |
| The flat facets of the vertebra are covered with _____ cartilage and surrounded by a thin, loose _____. | 1. hyaline 2. articular capsule |
| Locate the following ligaments: 1. supraspinous and interspinous ligaments 2. ligamenta flava 3. posterior longitudinal ligament 4. anterior longitudinal ligament | |
| Name the superficial layer of intrinsic spinal muscles. | splenius (capitis and cervicis) |
| Action of the splenius muscle | Alone: ipsilateral lateral flexion and rotation. Together: extension of the head (splenius capitis) and the back (splenius cervicis) |
| Which muscle group lie in the intermediate layer of intrinsic spinal muscles? | Erector spinae |
| List the erector spinae, from lateral to medial. | 1. iliocostalis 2. longissimus 3. spinalis (closest to the spine) |
| Action of the erector spinea? | 1. Unilateral contraction: Lateral flexion of the spine 2. Bilateral contraction: extension of the vertebral column |
| What is the intrinsic back muscles doing when you bend forward? | Back extensors are eccentrically contracting to allow controlled flexion. |
| The deep layer of intrinsic back muscles consist of _______, _____ and ______. They are also called the ______. | 1. semispinalis 2. multifidus 3. rotatores They are also called the transversospinal muscles |
| Action of the transversospinal muscles. | 1. Unilateral contraction: ipsilateral side bend and contralateral rotation. 2. Bilateral contraction: extension of the spine |
| Articulation between thoracic vertebrae and ribs include which two joints? | Costotransverse and costovertebral joints |
| What is the rule of 3? | 1. T1-T3 transverse process is at the same level with respective spinous process 2. T4-T6 SP is half a level lower than TP 3. T7-T9 SP is 1 full level lower than TP 4. T10 is full level 5. T11 is half 6. T12 is same level |
| Which trunk muscles are in charge of inspiration? | Diaphragm, levator costarum, external intercostals, anterior internal intercostals. |
| Which peripheral nerve innervates the diaphragm? | Phrenic nerve |
| Which peripheral nerve innervates the intercostals? | Intercostal nerve. |
| Segmentation of the phrenic nerve. | C3 - C5 |
| Segmentation of the intercostal nerve. | T1 - T12 |
| Muscle involved in forced expiration? | 1. internal obliques, transverse abdominus, external obliques 2. posterior internal intercostals 3. rectus abdominus |
| Which nerve innervates muscles of forced expiration? | Intercostal nerves (T1 - L1) |
| Which muscles are in charge of spine extension? | Erector spinae, transversospinalis, interspinales, rotatores, intertransversarii |
| Which muscles are in charge of spine flexion? | rectus abdominus, external and internal obliques, psoas major |
| Muscles only in charge of lateral flexion? | quadratus lumborum |
| Muscles in charge of spine rotation | Rotatores, internal/external obliques, intertranscersarrii, transversospinalis |
| The spinal plexii are formed by (ventral/dorsal) rami | Ventral |
| Which vertebral level does the spinal cord terminate at? | L1-L2. (conus medullaris) |
| Key subjective questions for the thoracic spine. | 1. pain with breathing? 2. recent upper respiratory infection? |
| What effect does forward posture have at first and second ribs? | elevated |
| Total flexion ROM of the thoracic spine | 20 - 45 deg |
| Total extension ROM of the thoracic spine | 20 - 45 deg |
| Total sidebend ROM of the thoracic spine | 20 - 40 deg |
| Total rotation ROM of the thoracic spine | 35 - 50 deg |
| Review the rib springing test. | Positive finding is pain |
| Review the thoracic springing test. | P/A at transverse process. |
| Which ribs are attached to the sternum? | 1-7 |
| What is the structure connecting the ribs and the sternum? | Costal cartilage |
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