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| Question | Answer |
| Brandt | commission line north south difference blue good red bad more red North/South common crisis |
| Simon Moss | development myths |
| Hans Rosling | social benefits increase more than economic Africa increase from medieval to turn of 20th century England in 50 years |
| Kingsbury et al | HIC interested in LIC having to expand market, rush to achieve material predicated on capacity of physical environment to support it environment despoiled running out of resources, environmental degradation doesn't respect borders widespread environmental collapse no longer case of if but when + where some areas have little capacity + more prone to degradation most fragile areas likely to be overused poorest areas, getting worse 1970 Africa self sufficient 1984 1/4 Africa's food aid + imported grain |
| Marxist | capitalism, countries deliberately underdeveloped great power no responsibility, undermined by end of communism basis for dependency theory, constitute class below proletariat underclass revolutionary consciousness focus of repressive social controls + human rights abuses threat to power |
| Frank | dependency theory |
| Bakan | TNC's institutional psychopaths programmed to exploit + dehumanise for profit act illegally + immorally |
| Marshall Plan | America tried to restore normal economic health to Europe |
| Rostow | develop through economic growth not communism subsistence farming pre conditions for take off take off drive to maturity age of high mass consumption |
| McClelland | need for achievement |
| Parsons | traditional societies change from collective + ascribed status to individualised + achieved status |
| Edwards | due to combo of traditional + western |
| Cross | modern man individualised version of American dream assumes countries develop same neighbouring countries different culture, city nucleus for penetration of modernising society ensure modern norms + values spread quickly |
| Carmen | Trojan horse |
| McKay | downgrades self help, trade rigged in western favour |
| Santana | notion should be dependent |
| Galaeano | paralysed + crutches |
| Bauer | kleptocracy live in pocket, could not be necessary for development incapable of achieving seem to be doing right thing, challenged on ethical grounds chance not have same life chances moral imperative improve life worth it |
| Commission for Africa | poor governance to blame, youthful population potential political instability |
| Esteva + Austin | development stinks |
| Escobar | paternalistic reflect goals + needs of people |
| Impasse theory | neither older theory works now |
| Booth | impasse theory |
| Neo Marxist | undermined by fall of communism, conditional aid expansion of global capitalism |
| Post modernism | dependency based on Marxist values western values capitalism |
| post development | backed by questioning of development |
| Norman Borlaug | green revolution |
| Barrington Moore | no evidence any population wanted to industrialise plenty to shown many don't want to pushed by middle classes who saw opportunity for enrichment + take power from rulers of preindustrialised nations masses |
| Hoeslitz | catalysts of modernisation loosen ties to traditional institutions + value systems reducing dependency on community + extended kin values go into decline modern person learn dominant urban values |
| Peace | minority people work reasonable pay tiny formal sector others meagre living bloated informal sector |
| Cohen + Kennedy | urban poor wide variety of occupations + activites, islands surrounded by seas of poverty staging posts for neo-colonialism TNC's cities play key role poorer countries state of underdevelopment monopolise supply capital generated by exports/aid spare cash/aid investment social problems avoid social unrest, such cities more in common each other provincial cities own country symbol global capitalist economy international + cosmopolitan culturally cosmopolitan 1.1 billion consumer class, China 40% CO2 |
| Roberts | neo colonial cities characterised by historical inequalities modern skyscrapers + unpaved streets independence symbol of opportunity + potential affluence mass migration |
| Malthus | limits to growth theory |
| limits to growth theory | no. people area can support beyond positive checks war famine disease poverty homosexuality poor overbreed their fault scourge of poor population exponential growth food production linear not keeping up carrying capacity |
| Boserup | necessity is mother of all invention wouldn't let ourselves die population exponential food production stairs |
| Ehlrich | population bomb carrying capacity reached battle over, cannot sustain present levels of population growth increased environmental degradation desperate use of resources recommended controlled through state policies |
| Harrison | fastest population growth Muslim + Catholic |
| Catley - Carson | existence + influence of family planning respectful + not offend beliefs + convictions of others |
| Ellwood | global economy dependent on larger economy planet earth ecological health in trouble, habitat loss 500 816 1/4 1000 to 10000x natural rate, desperately poor not good ecocitizens can't afford to be |
| Rees | 10 to 14 acres lifetime consumption if shared out equally 4.25 acres |
| Kingsbury | water pollution most immediate 20 litres day 1 billion less than min Pakistan 135 million, 1.2 billion 110 countries, absorb Co2 produce O2 Amazon 30 years Chile 2022 Brazil 12.5% 1978 to 1996 tribes forced off land |
| Sen | 7 ways, nationality, morality, basic facilities, special opportunities, professional, ownership, household |
| Tiano | integration thesis, marginalisation thesis, exploitation thesis |
| integration thesis | traditional patriarchal emphasise ascribed status subordinate lives integrated into mainstream society gender barrier to development prevents 50% engaging in economic activity |
| marginalisation thesis | creation passive process systematic failure to include women in public sphere cash economies paid employment absorbed male members women reliant patriarchal bias aid contemporary marginalisation disproportionately targeting |
| exploitation thesis | capitalism needs patriarchal system domestic unpaid labour cheap + easily exploited source formal labour large corporations |
| Francis | 85% low wages poor conditions free trade zones female |
| Inglehart | diminishing gender inequality inevitable industrialisation economic development cultural change + political change generational lag education mass media funded by aid TNC's modern employment practices access jobs |
| people centred approaches | focus on communities + individuals commitment to social sustainability development incorporates all member practical solutions |
| McKeown | communicable disease leading to high mortality + morbidity rates in developing world + historically in developed world disease of consumption killers in developed world |
| Omran | epidemiological transition model |
| Rogers + Hockenberg | epidemiological transition model 4th stage hybrisitc risk taking + recklessness |
| Blanchflower | Britain 0.36% $165/person $984 defence |
| Ferero + Goodman | Venezuela + Bolivia |
| Hayter | conditional countries exercise power over poorer ones hypocritical doesn't alleviate poverty real purpose strengthen system which damages interests of poor jobs + export markets donors win political support |
| Sachs | large scale focused+integrated lift developing countries poverty, increased focused + integrated 1 big sustained effort by rich nations |
| Collier | 30 years 1 percentage point annual growth rate bottom billion poorer without this stopped situation being even worse |
| Easterley | what will work home-grown small scale initiatives real accountability reaches those who need it small scale local needs local level NGO positive not transform country |
| George | debt boomerang creating problems north debt cancellation social + economic sense |
| Toussaint | increased lending world substantial credit credit buying bonds encouraged by interests rates risk insurance premium far below banks reluctant consequences sharp fall in demand primary products major fall prices less export income less willing to take risk extending credit more likely to be laid off cash flow less cash send home |
| Bush | held accountable either with us/against us negative economic implication poorest countries |
| Hancock | lords of poverty |
| Alibhai Brown | aid initiatives perpetuate dependency culture infantilised |
| Seager + Lewis | Donegal £3million Zambia sued £55 million awarded £15.5 million British |
| Galtung | structural violence war |
| Kaldour | new wars |
| Luttwak | better to let wars run course eventually end resolution of political conflict + peace |
| Neo Malthusians | uncontrolled population growth + environmental scarcity |
| Ayoob | civil wars are part of process of creating modern states |
| Hanlon | weak state institutions less able to resist challenges |
| Richard Cornwell | structural violence on global scale deliberate maintenance of global system based on fundamental + self reinforcing inequality |
| colonialism + neocolonialism | few raw material exports value fallen sharply oil + manufactured goods inappropriate projects trade relationships between exploitative |
| Coyle | ratio of exports to GDP risen significantly whole world past 50 years most developing countries |
| Dowden | falling prices consumer goods consumer goods affordable |
| dependency | fails to explain differences between Sub Saharan + Asian Tiger economies, based on Marxist theory, Asian tigers broke barriers, not acting as effective force of development likely to sustain underdevelopment, patriachy imposed on majority world brought with them undermining indigenous knowledge bringing new diseases without local immunity maintaining dependency with stunted healthcare + overpriced medicines, created by debt global context external factors , created by civil wars North neo colonial exploitation South |
| Pearson | microcredit definition |
| Yunus | Grameen microcredit initative |
| McGiffen | formal sector 5-6% world jobs |
| Wield + Chataway | real economy definition |
| New Barbarism thesis | neo Malthusian civil war theory extension of Malthusian overpopulation + exhaustion of resources civil war |
| Kaplan | created new barbarism thesis |
| Richards | Malthus with guns |
| modernisation theory | only develop if copy western models capitalist trade + economic growth, fails to explain failure to take off, urbanisation positive phenomenon, , overpopulation countries from adopting western development growth through industry spare capital support population not reinvested in industry reproductive rights independent economic reliability talents + abilities ignored, movement must be made capital expertise/technology helping hand behind on road to prosperity crucial component attitudes elites developing world primary beneficiaries of aid trickled down, like debt civil wars less common modernise peace result of free trade + democracy state job to lead development |
| Ritzer | McDonaldisation |
| McGrew | 3 theoretical perspectives globalisation |
| neoliberalism | feed oats to horse filter to sparrows, don't like South Korea development, dependent taking away initiative ability to help themselves poor own failings laziness corruption/inefficiency 3rd world aid right culture of dependency viable attract investments aid unnecessary cant attract private sector funding cant be worth doing ,like small state, global optimists extension of global markets + capitalism global free market economic growth eradicate poverty spread democracy new world order peace + prosperity countries embrace free market undergoing development Africa not developed no access to free market entrepreneurship only winners cultural globalisation western values |
| Radicals | globalisation spread of capitalism negative |
| Transformationalists | globalisation unstoppable slow reverse embrace positive aspects + reject negative new cultures hybridisation unequal transforming old hierarchies |
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