1875375
Description
Flashcards by Hazel Meades, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Hazel Meades
almost 10 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Self-efficacy | Belief in your ability to do something well. |
| Salience | One of the clinical criteria for diagnosing substance dependence - the importance of the behaviour to the individual; prioritising it above everything else. |
| Mood modification | One of the clinical criteria for diagnosing substance dependence. Addicts can use addictions to bring about mood change. |
| Tolerance | One of the clinical criteria for diagnosing substance dependence. The increasing amount of activity that is required to achieve the same effect. |
| Withdrawal symptoms | One of the clinical criteria for diagnosing substance dependence. The unpleasant feelings and physical effects that occur when the addictive behaviour is suddenly stopped/reduced. |
| Conflict | One of the clinical criteria for diagnosing substance dependence. Develop conflicts with themselves and the people around them. |
| Relapse | One of the clinical criteria for diagnosing substance dependence. The tendency for repeated reversions to earlier patterns of the particular activity to recur and for even the most extreme patterns, typical of the height of the addiction, to be quickly restored after many years of abstinence/control. |
| Initiation | The process where individuals start to become addicted. |
| Maintenance | The process whereby people continue to behave addictively even in the face of adverse consequences. |
| Down regulation | When there is a reduction in the activity of positive reward circuits in the brain. This generates a stress situation for the addict. The user takes the drugs to avoid an unpleasurable state but as a result of down regulation the drug levels required to trigger the brain reward system increases. |
| "the vicious cycle" | Beck et al (2001) said that low mood can be relieved by addictive behaviour, addiction can lead to problems, these problems lead to low mood so the cycle begins again. |
| Self-medication model | The particular addiction isn't chosen at random but has been selected as it's perceived to help a particular problem. It helps fulfil 3 major functions: mood regulation, performance management and distraction. |
| Expectancy theory | Expectations about the outcomes of addictive behaviour are thought to contribute to their excessive use. Addicts may have a positive expectancy bias towards their addiction. |
| The cue-reactivity theory | Carter and Tiffany (1999) - addicts react to things associated with their addiction in a similar way to the actual addiction itself, via classical conditioning. |
| Smoking addiction | An individual has developed an uncontrollable dependence on cigarettes and finds it impossible to stop. |
| Gambling addiction | Individual demonstrates loss of control of gambling behaviour, exhibit progressive increase in gambling frequency, time spent thinking about gambling etc. and continue to gamble despite negative repercussions on their life. |
| Behavioural attitude | Made up of behavioural beliefs. If it predicted behaviour you'd expect the behaviour to be in line with attitudes. |
| Affective attitude | Emotional e.g: it's fun |
| Instrumental attitude | Consequences e.g: I'll get fitter |
| Subjective norm | Made up of what we think referent (significant to you) others think about the behaviour (and also whether we're likely to follow their beliefs). |
| Injunctive norm | What other people think you should do e.g: the doctor thinks you should exercise more. |
| Descriptive norm | What other people actually do e.g: my mate Dave won £100 |
| Alcohol myopia | The tendency of alcohol to lower cognitive capacity so that only the most obvious characteristics of a situation are attended to. |
| Behavioural expectation | The perceived likelihood of performing a certain behaviour. |
| Humanistic therapy | Client-centred therapy. |
| Behavioural intention | Plans about their future behaviour. |
| Aversion | A drug which produces unpleasant consequences such as vomiting and nausea, especially when taken alongside other drugs. |
| Agonist | A drug which is a less harmful replacement for the dependent drug, resulting in fewer side effects and allowing gradual, controlled withdrawal from the substance. |
| Antagonist | A drug which blocks the effect of the target drug, preventing it from having the desired effect. |
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