19302901
Description
Flashcards by Abigail Campbell, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Abigail Campbell
about 5 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| psychology | scientific study of human behavior |
| structuralism | understanding structure and characteristics of the mind |
| Functionalism | William James and Edward Titchner study of conscious experience and components |
| Biological Approach | physiological and biochemical explanations (genes, nervous system, hormones, neurotransmitters) |
| Behavioral Approach | Ivan Pavlov, B.F. Skinner learned responses predict pattern of behavior |
| Psychodynamic Approach | Sigmund Freud unmet needs and childhood conflict determine personality |
| Cognitive Approach | behaviors based on "expectations", "feelings", and "thoughts" |
| Humanistic Approach | Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers People are motivated by growth and development |
| Research Methods Experimental | cause and effect between two variables |
| independent variable | the "cause" being manipulated |
| dependent variable | measured for change the "effect" |
| Clinical | studying people |
| case studies | individual in depth study |
| Naturalistic obsevation | observing without manipulation |
| clinical interview | sitting down and interviewing a person |
| Correlational | How two variable relate |
| Surveys | group of people self reporting |
| Endocrine system | glads throughout the body that secrete hormones |
| hormones | chemical messengers that regulate bodily functions |
| pituitary gland | master gland |
| Etiology | biological explanation for mental problems genetic and hereditary malfunctioning brain chemistry |
| serotonin | mood, emotional state, sleep |
| dopamine | attention, movement, pleasure |
| agonist drug | raises neural activity |
| antagonist drug | lowers neural activity |
| action potential | electrical signal that moves down the neuron axon |
| adrenal gland | sits atop kidneys and secretes hormones involved in stress response |
| all-or-none | phenomenon that incoming signal from another neuron is either sufficient or insufficient to reach the threshold of excitation |
| allele | specific version of a gene |
| amygdala | limbic system. Tied to emotional response and memory |
| autonomic nervous system (ans) | controls inner organs and glands |
| biological perspective | psychological disorders are associated with imbalances in neurotransmitter systems |
| Central NS | brain and spinal cord |
| cerebellum | controls balance, motor skills, thought to be important in processing some types of memory |
| cerebral cortex | surface of brain |
| chromosome | long strand of genetic info |
| fight or flight response | sympathetic division of ANS allowing access to energy and heightened sensory capacity |
| gene | sequence of DNA controls physical characteristics |
| genetic environment correlation | genes affect environment and environment influences expression of genes |
| hippocampus | associated with learning and memory |
| psychotropic meds | drugs that treat psychiatric symptoms by restoring neurotransmitter balance |
| reuptake | neurotransmitter is pumped by into neuron that released it |
| Somatic NS | relays sensory info to and from CNS |
| ventral tegmental area | midbrain structure where dopamine is produced |
| sensation | what happens when sensory info is detected by sensory receptor |
| perception | way the sensory info is interpreted and consciously experienced |
| psychophysics | study of the level of intensity we can detect stimuli how sensitive we are to changes in stimuli how psychological factors influence our ability to sense stimuli |
| psychological factors | motivation, past experience, expectation, impact notice of stimuli |
| selective attention | more meaningful ideas stick. construct meaning out of sensation (smell reminds you of childhood) |
| somesthesis | body's sense of touch (skin, kinesthetic, vestibular sense) |
| olfaction | sense of smell |
| gustation | taste |
| vestibular | motion, spacial awareness, equilibrium |
| ecological (nature) | perceptual development from birth and fine tuning |
| constructivism (nurture) | Perception through learning and experiences |
| depth perception | see distances between us and objects |
| binocular cues | both eyes |
| retinal disparity | seeing slightly different views with each eye (binocular cue) |
| monocular cues | one eye |
| linear perspective | seeing things converge to one point. i.e. a road narrowing the farther away it gets (monocular cue) |
| motion parallax | (relative motion) movement of a stable object when we move |
| interpositon | one object partially blocks another |
| texture gradient | closer one is to an object the more course and the farther away the smoother it looks |
| perceptual cues | a view we always have that is shaped by experiences |
| sensory restriction | senses restricted in childhood. We learn senses while young |
| perceptual set | perceive one thing over another |
| consciousness | state of awareness |
| circadian rhythm | body's natural cycle |
| rhythms of sleep | 1) alpha waves 2) theta waves 3) delta waves 4) slow wave sleep 5) REM |
| insomnia | trouble sleeping |
| hypersomnia | fall asleep and cannot wakeup |
| narcolepsy | random sleep attacks |
| sleep apnea | loose oxygen to brain while asleep |
| Freud's theory of dream | disguised desire manifested in dream |
| activation-synthesis theory | dreams are a constructed story to explain images from random neural activity |
| information-processing theory | dreams are a way to process information |
| hypnosis | induced state of consciousness |
| meditation | awareness, practice of acknowledging content of mind |
| psychoactive drug effects | produce a different state of consciousness by mimicking, inhibiting, or stimulating neurotransmitters |
| depressants | slows down neurotransmitters |
| stimulants | raises neuron activity |
| hallucinogens | distort and add sensations mimic neural activity |
| reflexes | unlearned motor/neural reaction |
| instincts | innate behavior triggered by events |
| assiciative learning | form of learning that involves connecting certain stimuli or events that occur together |
| Classical conditioning | learning in which the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets associated with the behavior |
| conditioned response | response caused by the conditioned stimulus |
| conditioned stimulus | stimulus that elicits a response due to its being paired with an unconditioned stimulus |
| extinction | decrease in conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus |
| fixed interval | behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time |
| fixed ratio | set number of responses must occur before behavior is rewarded |
| unconditioned response | unlearned behavior to a given stimulus |
| unconditioned stimulus | stimulus that elicits a reflexive response |
| variable interval | behavior is rewarded after unpredictable amounts of time |
| variable ratio | number of responses differs before a behavior is rewarded |
| positive punishment | adding an undesirable stimulus to decrease behavior |
| positive reinforcement | adding a desirable stimulus to increase behavior |
| vicarious punishment | observer sees model punished making observer less likely to imitate model's behavior |
| vicarious reinforcement | observer sees model rewarded, making observer more likely to imitate model's behavior |
| shaping | rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior |
| operant conditioning | form of learning in which the stimulus/experience happens after the behavior is demonstrated |
| latent learning | learning occurs but is not realized until there is a reason to demonstrate it |
| algorithm | problem solving strategy characterized by a specific set of instructions |
| analytical intelligence | aligned with academic problem solving and computations |
| anchoring bias | faulty heuristic in which you fixate on a single aspect of a problem |
| availability heuristic | faulty heuristic in which you make a decision based on info readily available to you |
| cognition | thinking, including perception, learning, problem solving, judgement, and memory |
| cognitive psychology | studying every aspect of how people think |
| cognitive script (even schema) | set of behaviors that are performed the same way each time |
| confirmation bias | faulty heuristic in which you focus on into that confirms your belief |
| convergent thinking | providing correct or established answers to problems |
| creative intelligence | ability to produce new products, ideas, or inventing a new, novel solution to a problem |
| creativity | ability to generate, create, or discover new ideas, solutions, and possibilities |
| crystalized intelligence | acquired knowledge and ability to retrieve it |
| cultural intelligence | ability to which people can understand and relate to those in another culture |
| divergent thinking | ability to think "outside the box" to arrive at novel solutions to a problem |
| dysgraphia | leaning disability that causes extreme difficulty in writing legibly |
| dislexia | leaning disability in which letters are not processed properly by the brain |
| emotional intelligence | ability to understand emotions and motivations in yourself and others |
| fluid intelligence | ability to see complex relationships and solve problems |
| functional fixedness | inability to see an object as useful for any other purpose than what it was designed to do |
| mental set | continually using an old solution to a problem without results |
| multiple intelligence theory | Gardner's theory that each person has at least 8 types of intelligence |
| represetitibe bias | faulty heuristic in which you stereotype someone or something without valid basis for your judgment |
| heuristic | mental shortcut that saves time when problem solving |
| hindsight bias | belief that the event just experienced was predictable, even though it wasn't |
| role schema | set of expectations that define the behaviors of a person occupying a particular role |
| schema | mental construct consisting of a cluster of related concepts |
| standard deviation | measure of variability that describes the difference between a set of score and their mean |
| standardization | method of testing in which administration, scoring, and interpretation of results are consistent |
| triarchic theory of intelligence | Sternburg's theory of intelligence; three facets: practical, creative and analytical |
| working backwards | heuristic in which you begin solving a problem by focusing on the end result. |
| trail and error | problem solving in which multiple solutions are attempted until the correct one is found |
| emotion | subjective state of being often described as feelings |
| canon-bard theory of emotion | physiological arousal and emotional experience occur at the same time |
| cognitive-mediational theory | out emotions are determined by our appraisal of the stimulus |
| components of emotion | physiological arousal, psychological appraisal, and subjective experience |
| facial feedback hypothesis | facial expressions are capable of influencing our emotions |
| james-lang theory of emotion | emotions are from physiological arousal |
| schachter-singer two factor theory of emotion | emotions consist of two factors: physiological and cognitive |
| motivation | wants or needs that direct behavior toward some goal |
| extrinsic motivation | motivation that arises from outside factors or rewards |
| intrinsic motivation | motivation based on internal feelings rather that outward rewards |
| self-efficacy | individual's belief in his own capabilities or capacities to complete a task |
| yerkes-dodson law | simple tasks are performed best when arousal levels are relatively high while complex tasks are best performed when arousal is lower |
| theory of cognitive development (john piaget) | four stages: sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operational, formal operational |
| Psychosexual theory of development (frued) | oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital |
| Erik Erikson's stages of psychosociol development | 8 stages: trust vs mistrust, autonomy vs shame and doubt, initiative vs guilt, competence vs inferiority, identity vs role confusion, intimacy vs isolation, generativity vs stagnation, integrity vs despair |
| Physical development | development that examines growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness |
| stage of moral reasoning | (Kohlberg) humans move through three stages of moral development: pre conventional, conventional, and post-conventional |
| gender identity | sense of whether you are male or female |
| gender dysphoria | discomfort with biological sex |
| analytical psychology | Jung's theory focusing on the balance of opposing forces within one's personality and the significance of the collective unconscious |
| collective unconsciousness | common psychological tendencies passed down from one generation to the next |
| congruence | state of being which our thoughts about our real and ideal selves are very similar |
| displacement | defense mechanism in which a person transfers inappropriate urges or behaviors toward a more acceptable or less threatening target |
| ego | aspect of personality that represents the self, or part of personality that is visible to others |
| id | aspect of personality that consists of our most primitive drives or urges including impulse for hunger, thirst, and sex |
| superego | aspect of personality that serves and one's moral compass or conscience |
| five factor model | theory that personality is composed of five traits, including: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extroversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism (OCEAN) |
| incongruence | state of being in which there is a great discrepancy between our real and ideal selves |
| individual psychology | Adler's school of psych that focuses on out drive to compensate for feelings of inferiority |
| internal locus of control | belief that we have the power to control our own outcomes |
| external locus of control | belief that our outcomes our outside our control |
| personality | long standing traits and patterns that propel individuals to consistently think, feel, and behave in a specific way |
| projective test | personality assessment in which a person responds to ambiguous stimuli, revealing hidden feelings, impulses, and desires |
| real self | who we actually are |
| reciprocal determinism | belief that one's environment determine behavior but at the same time people can influence urges and behaviors for their opposites |
| regression | defense mechanism in which a person confronted with anxiety returns to a more immature behavioral state |
| repression | defense mechanism in which anxiety related thoughts and memories are kept in the unconscious |
| sublimation | defense mechanism in which unacceptable urges are channeled into more appropriate activities |
| psychopathology | study of psychological disorders |
| disorders | conditions characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors |
| DSM-5 | Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th ed. |
| Depression | sadness, loss of pleasure, hopelessness, worthlessness |
| major depressive disorder (dx) | characterized by sadness and loss of pleasure |
| seasonal pattern | subtype of depression in which a person experiences the symptoms of major depressive dx only during a particular time of year |
| persistent depressive dx | characterized by a chronically sad and melancholy mood |
| bipolar dx | mood disorder characterized by mood states that vacillate between depression and mania |
| manic episode | period in which individual experiences mania, characterized by extremely cheerful and euphoric mood |
| anxiety dx | characterized by excessive and persistent fear and anxiety and by related disturbances in behavior |
| generalized anxiety dx | characterized by a continuous state of excessive, uncontrollable, and pointless worry and apprehension |
| panic dx | anxiety dx characterized by unexpected panic attacks, along with at least one month of worry about panic attacks or self-defeating behavior related to attacks |
| obsessive-compulsive dx | tendency to experience intrusive and unwanted thoughts and urges and/or need to engage in repetitive behaviors or mental acts |
| somatic delusion | belief that something highly unusual is happening to one's body or internal organs |
| hypochondriasis | preoccupied with bodily symptoms, a fear of illness or disease, and cannot be reassured by a doctor |
| conversion dx | belief that one is experiencing a neurological symptom with no medical proof |
| phobias | irrational fear of an object or event |
| agoraphobia | intense fear, anxiety, and avoidance of situations in which it might be difficult to escape if one experiences symptoms of a panic attack |
| schizophrenia | sever dx characterized by major disturbances in thought, perception, emotion, and behavior with symptoms that include hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking and behavior and negative symptoms |
| hallucination | perceptual experience that occurs in the absence of external stimulation |
| delustion | belief that is contrary to reality and is firmly held, despite contradictory evidence |
| catatonic behavior | decreased reactivity to the environment |
| negative symptoms | decrease and absences in certain normal behaviors, emotions, or drives |
| dissociative amnesia | inability to recall important personal info |
| dissociative fugue | amnesia in which a person suddenly wanders away from one's home and experiences confusion about his/her identity |
| dissociative identity dx | a person exhibits two or more distinct personalities or identities and experiences memory gaps |
| depersonalization/derealization | people feel detached from the self and the world feels artificial and unreal |
| paranoid delusion | characterized by beliefs that others are out to harm them |
| antisocial personality dx | lack of regard for others' rights, impulsivity, deceitfulness, irresponsibility, and lack of remorse over misdeeds |
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