1959452
Description
Flashcards by angeline martin, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by angeline martin
almost 10 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Microbiology | Study of little life forms |
| Microorganism | small organisms- non living- |
| Agent | Viruses - Non living entity studied in microbiology |
| Germ/Pathogen | disease producing microorganisms |
| Photosynthesis | cyanobacteria produces 20% oxygen we breath- to make ATP (cells energy) |
| Nitrogen Fixing | 79% of air is nitrogen= Bacteria carries out process- nitrogen gas extracted from environment- it is broken down and builds Amino Acids which makes proteins. We get Amino acids from the food we eat such as animals and plants - |
| Breakdown of wastes /organic matter | Bacteria that can take dead organisms and recycle nutrients so other organisms can use organic molecules- decay carried out by microbes |
| Normal Flora | Orphace, large intestines, skin- if flora is destroyed is can kill off the pathogen but open the door for other infection such as C- Diff |
| Microbes used to produce food | bread, beer, yogurt, wine, choose, soy- helps preserve our foods |
| recombinet technology | makes vaccines, insulin, enzymes- combines DNA from trwo different sources- buy DNA, mix bacteria and electricity zap and insert DNA together- makes human insulin |
| Remediation | means Fix |
| Bio-remediation | Cleaning up pollution problems using microbes- oil spill and fertilizer example |
| Pathogens | Viruses, Fungi, Animal , Plants |
| Organisms 3 Domains | 1.Eubacteria- true bacteria, everyday 2.Archaeabacteria- extreme atmospheres Both have no nuclei, single cell 3.Eukarya (plants, animals, fungi, protists aka protistans- has a nuclei- having a nuclei makes it more difficult to fight as our cells are similar |
| Prokaryotes | Eubacteria and archeabacteria Single cell no nuclei |
| Eukaryotes | Has DNA with nuclei |
| Shapes | coccus- round, Bacillus - Rod, sparillum- spriral |
| peptidoglycan cell wall | target for antibiotics since we do not creat peptidoglygen so it is easy to kill without harming us |
| Binary fission | split in half |
| Viruses | Non-living- geometric shape (influenza has spikes called H cells Acellular- do not have cells Nucleic Acid + protein coat = Capsid Parasidic - Has to have a host cell to grow and reproduce |
| Fungi | 1.Mold, yeasts, mushrooms 2.Eukaryotic- similar to our cell structure so it is difficult to kill 3. They get food- by secreting digestive enzymes and re-absorb nutrients- Pathogens use us as a food source |
| Protists Sometimes called protozoans | 1. eukaryotic- similar to us with respect to cell structure 2. Unicellular- sometimes multicellular 3. classified by movement (action of cillia, flagella, psudopodia aka false feet) |
| Helmiths | Worms- studied by microscope |
| Prions | 1.DEADLY- different shape in of protein - prions spread to other proteins and create holes in the brain 2. degenerative brain diseases, including mad cow disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, a, kuru, (women primarily get kuru because they eat the left overs brain and spine)- Deer and elk carry |
| Parasite | No mouth , no eyes, eats all nutrients- proglatos fall off in fecal matter. can pass 1,000's of eggs |
| Immunology | 1. study pathogen or body's reaction / response- 2.Humoral-fluids in the body , blood, flem, yellow and black bile - Humoral antibodies Y shaped proteins made by B cells stick to pathogens and kill off - 3. cellular carried by "T" cells which are lymphocytes- Note thymus shrinks over time |
| History | 1. Ancient times- using for 10,000's of years, production and preservation of food 2. embalming |
| 1600's- 1800's Robert Hooke | Studied compartments of cork first person to use the word "cells" |
| 1600's- 1800's Antony van redi | Jars of meat- starts to disprove spontaneous generation- meat does not cause maggots the fly's do |
| 1600's- 1800's Edward Jenner | Country doctor creates small pox vaccine by using cow pox scrapings to create the vaccine- same vaccine still used today |
| 1600's- 1800's Louis Pasteur | 1.disproves spontaneous generation with Swan neck flasks 2. fermentation process 3. wine and pasteurization (control microbes 4. silkworm disease 5. rabbies vaccine (isolated virus through porcelin) |
| 1600's- 1800's Robert Koch and bacillus anthracis | Connected pathogen to the disease bacillus to anthrax (postulate steps) |
| 1600's- 1800's Joseph Lister | Washing hands |
| 1900's Paul Ehrlich and Salvarsan | First chemical treatment for disease - was and arcinic compound to treat (syphilis) Soldiers in WWI called it private 606 |
| 1900's Paul Ehrlich and Salvarsan | Created sulfa drugs that fights microbes- One of the sulfonamides, the sulfa-related antibiotics which are used to treat bacterial and some fungal infections |
| 1900's Alexander flemming and penicilian | discovers penicillin (first antibiotic) by cleaning a petrie dish. Others mass produce- Antibiotic- chemical prohibits as organism growth |
| 1940 and WWII | mass production of penacilin- many soldiers were given penacilian for injuries or after surgery and infection and mortality rates went down |
| 1950's | Everyone wants antibiotics for prevention and treatment |
| 1953 Watson and Crick | structure of DNA was able to be manipulated |
| 1970's Molecular scissors | able to cut and manipulate DNA and crate more- enzymes can glue back together |
| 1980's Kary Mullus | PCR - created by Kary Mullus- Polymerase chain reaction (Copying DNA- important for the Dx of disease right now the only way to know if a person i=has a virus is to look to see if antibodies have been produced by the body to fight- doesn't work on immunocompromised |
| Prions Stanley Prusiner | Stanley B. Prusiner for his discovery of prions - a new biological principle of infection. What is a prion? It is a small infectious protein capable of causing fatal dementia-like diseases in man and animals. |
| 2000 Genome Project | Human Genome project- sequencing of DNA and find disease genes |
| 9-11-2001 Bioterrorism | Concern for U.S. |
| 2003 SARS | new disease called SARS; first case of the bird flu- severe accute respiratory syndrome- caused by a coronavirus, - was first reported in Asia in February 2003. The illness spread to more than two dozen countries in North America, South America, Europe, and Asia |
| 2005 Avian Flu | growing awareness of the avian flue; world governments mobilized and prepared- mortality rate was 50%- Did not spread |
| 2009 Swine Flu | Swine influenza (swine flu) is a respiratory disease of pigs caused by type A influenza viruses. Like human influenza viruses, there are different subtypes and strains of swine influenza viruses. The main swine influenza viruses circulating in U.S. pigs in recent years are: swine triple reassortant (tr) H1N1 influenza virus |
| Bruce Ivens Anthrax Scare | Anthrx scare- wanted govt to take seriously and vaccinate so he sent packages out of anthrax in the mail and caused many deaths, He killed himself before FBI could apprehend him. |
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