19601564
Description
Flashcards by Josh Holihan, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Josh Holihan
about 5 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What were some early philosophical arguments for the roots of human psychology (i.e., arguments of Plato, Aristotle, & Descartes)? | |
| Who was Wilhelm Wundt? What is Structuralism? | |
| Who was William James? What is Functionalism? | |
| Who was Sigmund Freud? Psychoanalytic theory and the importance of the unconscious. | |
| What is Behaviorism? Who were the three key contributors to this perspective? | |
| What was the Humanistic perspective? Proponents? | |
| What are some of the basic characteristics of science that we discussed in class (e.g., non-dogmatic, falsifiability, etc.)? | |
| What were the three types of descriptive study we discussed in class(1)? | |
| What were the three types of descriptive study we discussed in class(2)? | |
| What were the three types of descriptive study we discussed in class(3)? | |
| difference between a sample and a population. Why is representative sampling important? | |
| What is the correlation coefficient? What does the sign (+/-) indicate? What does the number value indicate? | |
| Can correlational research allow us to determine cause-effect relationships? Why or why not? What is the third variable problem? | |
| Independent Variables | independent variable in an experi- ment, the factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied |
| Confounding Variable | confounding variable in an experi- ment, a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect. |
| Dependent Variable | dependent variable in an experi- ment, the outcome that is measured; the variable that may change when the independent variable is manipulated. |
| Experiment | experiment a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable). By random assignment of participants, the experimenter aims to control other relevant factors. |
| Control Group | control group in an experiment, the group not exposed to the treatment; con- trasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment. |
| Random Assignment | random assignment assigning partici- pants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between the different groups. |
| Population | population all those in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn. (Note: Except for national studies, this does not refer to a country’s whole population.) |
| Random Sample | random sample a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion. |
| Scatterplot | scatterplot a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables. The amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation (little scatter indicates high correlation). |
| Regression Toward the mean | regression toward the mean the tendency for extreme or unusual scores or events to fall back (regress) toward the average. |
| What is the genome? | |
| DNA? | Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms and some viruses. The main role of DNA molecules is the long-term storage of information. ... Within cells, DNA is organized into structures called chromosomes. |
| Genes | The genes are essentially the segments of DNA molecules that contain the code for particular peptides or proteins which then determine who we are (at birth and what we can become - let's not forget about the importance of environment, but the genes give us the starting point). |
| Nucleotides/Bases? | |
| What’s the significance of the human FOXP2 gene? | |
| What is Huntington’s Disease and what causes it (at both the genetic and neurological level)? | |
| What is behavior genetics? | behavior genetics the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior. |
| What are some of the major findings of twin and adoption studies regarding psychological traits such as intelligence and personality? | Inherit their traits from genes, can still be different based on nature experiences |
| What happens when rats are raised in impoverished vs. enriched environments? | |
| Provide some examples of how experience can alter our brains. | |
| How can chronic stress accelerate the aging process? How can stress-reduction techniques counteract this process? | Shortens Telometers, stress-reduction techniques preserver and maintain telometers |
| Based on the study mentioned in class, how does the interaction of genes and early experiences lead to individual differences in violence and criminal behavior later in life? | |
| What are the major prenatal stages of development? (PT. 1) | |
| What are the major prenatal stages of development? (PT. 2) | |
| What are teratogens? What biological mechanism may minimize teratogen exposure in early pregnancy? | |
| What is fetal alcohol spectrum disorder? | |
| Describe the different temperamental styles and research regarding their consistency across childhood. | |
| What is attachment? | |
| What did Harry Harlow’s experiments with monkeys show us about the mechanisms of attachment? | |
| What are the findings regarding attachment in orphans(1)What are the different attachment styles? How are these typically assessed?? | |
| What are the findings regarding attachment in orphans(2)What are the different attachment styles? How are these typically assessed?? | |
| Explain how maternal care (low-licking vs. high-licking) in rats can lead to long-term changes in genetic expression and brain functioning in rat pups raised by these mothers? | More licking = Better reaction to stress, safer. Vise versa |
| Who are John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth? | |
| How does early attachment affect our later social experiences? | |
| Be familiar with the diagnostic criteria for Autism Spectrum Disorder(1). | |
| Be familiar with the diagnostic criteria for Autism Spectrum Disorder(2). | |
| Who is Jean Piaget? | |
| What is a schema? What is assimilation and accommodation? | |
| Know the basic anatomy of a neuron. | |
| What are sensory-, motor-, and interneurons? | |
| What are mirror neurons? | A mirror neuron is a neuron that fires both when an animal acts and when the animal observes the same action performed by another. Thus, the neuron "mirrors" the behavior of the other, as though the observer were itself acting. |
| What is the resting potential? What are the roles of sodium and potassium ions during this period? | |
| What is an action potential? Where does the action potential take place (i.e., which part of the neuron)? What are the roles of sodium and potassium ions during this period? | |
| What is hyperpolarization, depolarization, and repolarization? | |
| What is the sodium-potassium pump? | |
| Describe the process of propagation of the action potential down the axon? How does myelin impact this process? | |
| What is the distinction between gray and white matter? | |
| What is a synapse? | |
| Describe the process of how one neuron (the presynaptic neuron) communicates with its neighboring neuron (the postsynaptic neuron). | |
| Explain the difference between excitatory vs. inhibitory transmission. | |
| What is a neurotransmitter? Know the different neurotransmitters we covered in class and their associated functions. | |
| What is reuptake and enzyme deactivation? |
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