Scientific Process

Resource summary

Question Answer
How does one gather evidence? I - Identify: question of interest G - Gather: form hypothesis T - Test Hypothesis: conduct research A - Analyze data: draw conclusions B - Build body of knowledge: formal statements building theory
What are Scientific Theories? 1. Organized info 2. Testable 3. Prediction supported by research 4. Conform to law of parsimony (simple is better)
What are Non-Scientific Theories? 1. Make no prediction 2. Are not Testable 3. Cannot be Falsifiable
Types of Methods 1. Descriptive Research behaviour in natural settings 2. Correlational Studies relationship between variables 3. Experimental 'cause + effect'
Case Studies In-depth analysis of individual, group or event Advantages: detailed, challenge validity of theories, source of new ideas for further research
Naturalistic Observation Observation of behaviour in a natural setting Advantages: provides rich description of behaviour Disadvantage: observer presence = impact on behaviour
Survey Research Questionnaires Advantages: findings portray population as a whole Disadvantage: does not permit clear conclusions & rely on self-reports
Correlational Research Researcher measures one variable (x), another variable (y) & determines relation * No manipulation *
Correlation Coefficient Ranges from -1.0 to +1.0; sign indicates direction & absolute value indicates strength Positive: variables = same direction Negative: variables = opposite direction
Strength of Correlation Value of coefficient = strength of relationship Ex. correlation of -.80 reflects as powerful as +.80
3 Characteristics of Cause & Effect Relationships 1. Manipulate one variable 2. Measures whether this variable produces change in another 3. Control for other factors that might influence results
Independent Variable Manipulated by experimenter; something that can be "changed" Ex. noise level, or dose or drug
Dependent Variable Measured by experimenter; "dependent on" what can be changed Ex. learning, # of symptoms
An industrial psychologist studies the # of cars produced on the assembly line during morning/evening shifts. What is the IV and DV? IV: time of shift DV: # of cars
Experimental Group Receives treatment
Control Group Not exposed to treatment
Between-Subject Design Different participants in each condition; groups must be equal for various traits
Within-Subject Design Same participants in all conditions; individuals are equal
Counterbalancing Def~ order of conditions is varied; No condition has an overall advantage compared to others
Interaction When one IV impacts the DV differently depending on the conditions of another IV
Research Validity How well an experimental procedure actually tests what it is designed to; Threats: confounding variables, expectancy effects & placebo effect
Confounding Variables When there are 2 variables and cannot determine which impacted the DV
Experimenter Expectancy Effects Unintentional ways experimenters influence participants to respond to the hypothesis
Double-blind procedure Neither participant or research knows which experimental condition the person is in
Placebo Effect A change in behaviour that is due to one's expectation, not because of an experimental manipulation
Quasi-Experimental Research Attempt to produce a cause + effect explanation but fall short
Show full summary Hide full summary

Similar

History of Psychology
mia.rigby
Biological Psychology - Stress
Gurdev Manchanda
Bowlby's Theory of Attachment
Jessica Phillips
Psychology subject map
Jake Pickup
Psychology A1
Ellie Hughes
Memory Key words
Sammy :P
Psychology | Unit 4 | Addiction - Explanations
showmestarlight
The Biological Approach to Psychology
Gabby Wood
Chapter 5: Short-term and Working Memory
krupa8711
Cognitive Psychology - Capacity and encoding
T W
Nervous Systems and the Brain - Lecture 1
Georgina Burchell