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Description
Flashcards by robertospacey, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by robertospacey
almost 10 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Compare oxidation and reduction | oxidation involves the loss of electrons from an element, whereas reduction involves a gain of electrons and that oxidation frequently involves gaining oxygen or losing hydrogen, whereas reduction frequently involves losing oxygen or gaining hydrogen |
| Draw a Redox Diagram | |
| How does one ace learning the relationship of electrons in the redox reaction? | OIL RIG: Oxidation Is Loss (of electrons), Reduction Is Gain (of electrons) ELMO: Electron Loss Means Oxidation LEO goes GER: Loss of Electrons is Oxidation, Gain of Electrons is Reduction |
| Put the difference between the redox reactions in a table | |
| 8.1.2 Outline the process of glycolysis, including phosphorylation, lysis, oxidation and ATP formation | Glycolysis is the first stage of cell respiration and involves the breakdown of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate It is an anaerobic reaction (does not require the presence of oxygen) and occurs in the cytoplasm |
| What are the four main parts in glycolysis | 1. Phosphorylation: A hexose sugar is phosphorylated by two ATP to become hexose biphosphate 2. Lysis: The hexose biphosphate splits into two triose phosphates (3C sugars) 3. Oxidation: Hydrogen removed from the triose phosphates via oxidation (NAD is reduced to NADH + H+) 4. ATP Formation: Four ATP molecules are released as the triose phosphates are converted into pyruvate Overall: One molecule of glucose results in 2 pyruvate, 2 (NADH + H+) and 2 ATP (net gain) |
| 8.1.3 Draw and label a diagram showing the structure of a mitochondrion as seen in electron micrographs | |
| Draw a diagram of glycolysis | |
| Explain aerobic respiration | Aerobic respiration takes place in the mitochondria, using the pyruvate produced via glycolysis It produces large amounts of ATP in the presence of oxygen via three main processes: 1. The Link Reaction 2. The Krebs Cycle |
| Explain the Link Reaction | Pyruvate is transported from the cytosol to the mitochondrial matrix in a reaction that produces (one) NADH + H+ via oxidation The pyuvate loses a carbon (as CO2) and the remaining two carbons are complexed with coenzyme A (CoA) to form acetyl CoA |
| Explain the Krebs Cycle | In the matrix, acetyl CoA combines with a 4C compound to form a 6C compound Over a series of reactions the 6C compound is broken back down into the original 4C compound These reactions result in the formation of 2 CO2 molecules, 1 ATP molecule and multiple hydrogen carriers, specifically 3 (NADH + H+) and 1 FADH2 |
| Explain the Electronic Transport Chain | The hydrogen carriers (NADH + H+ and FADH2) provide electrons to the electron transport chain on the inner mitochondrial membrane As the electrons cycle through the chain they lose energy, which is used to translocate H+ ions to the intermembrane space (creating a gradient) The hydrogen ions return to the matrix through the transmembrane enzyme ATP synthase, producing multiple ATP molecules (via chemiosmosis) Oxygen acts as a final electron acceptor for the electron transport chain, allowing further electrons to enter the chain Oxygen combines the electrons with H+ ions to form water molecules The electron transport chain produces the majority of the ATP molecules produced via aerobic respiration (~32 out of 36 ATP molecules) |
| Draw a diagram overviewing aerobic respiration | |
| 8.1.5 Explain oxidative phosphorylation in terms of chemiosmosis | Oxidative phosphorylation describes the production of ATP from oxidised hydrogen carriers (as opposed to substrate level phosphorylation) When electrons are donated to the electron transport chain, they lose energy as they are passed between successive carrier molecules This energy is used to translocate H+ ions from the matrix to the intermembrane space against the concentration gradient The build up of H+ ions creates an electrochemical gradient, or proton motive force (PMF) The protons return to the matrix via a transmembran enzyme called ATP synthase As they return they release energy which is used to produce ATP (from ADP and Pi) This process is called chemiosmosis and occurs in the cristae The H+ ions and electrons are combined with oxygen to form water, allowing the process to be repeated anew |
| Draw a diagram of chemiosmosis | |
| 8.1.6 Explain the relationship between the structure of the mitochondria and its function | Inner membrane: Folded into cristae to increase surface area for electron transport chain Intermembrane space: Small space between inner and outer membranes for accumulation of protons (increases PMF) Matrix: Contains appropriate enzymes and a suitable pH for the Krebs cycle to occur Outer membrane: Contains appropriate transport proteins for shuttling pyruvate into the mitochondria |
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