2417099
Description
Flashcards by tyson.schierholt, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by tyson.schierholt
over 9 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| A longitudinal study of 678 sisters 75-107 years old who are members of the School Sisters of Notre Dame congregation | The Nun Study |
| What 2 main factors determine whether or not a participant exhibit symptoms of dementia of maintains a state of healthy aging? | 1. The degree of pathology present in the brain 2. The degree of resistance to the clinical expression of the neuropathology |
| The clinical consequences of neuropathological lesions depend on what 3 factors? | 1. Location 2. Type 3. Amount |
| The capacity of the brain to resist the expression of symptoms in the face of existing neuropathology | Cognitive reserve |
| Cognitive reserve is divided into 2 components: Active and Passive. Which component incorporates the biological processes and capacities of people? | Passive |
| Cognitive reserve is divided into 2 components: Active and Passive. Which component is viewed as a measure of the brain's ability to compensate for the presence of pathology? | Active |
| In what 3 ways do mental abilities change as people age? | 1. Development as multidimensional 2. Development as multidirectional 3. Development as plastic |
| Skills that depend on accumulated knowledge and experience, good judgement, and mastery of social conventions (eg. abilities acquired because of a person's culture) | Crystallized intelligence (eg. vocabulary, verbal comprehension, logical reasoning, general information) |
| Skills that depend heavily on basic information-preocessing skills (eg. detecting relationships among stimuli, and capacity of working memory) | Fluid intelligence (eg. Spatial visualization, symbol search) |
| When are people intellectually in their prime? (Young adult, Middle-aged adult, Young-old, Older-old) | Middle-aged adults |
| Which type of intelligence decreases more in later life? (Fluid or crystallized intelligence) | Fluid intelligence |
| Processing speed declines as neurons in the brain die causing breaks in neural networks. What view states that the brains forms bypasses with new synapses that are less efficient? | Neural network view of processing speed |
| Which view of processing speed accounts for the greater loss of information as the information moves through the brain, slowing down the whole system? | Information-loss view of processing speed |
| True/False: Maintaining 2 tasks at once remains the same difficulty as a person ages. | False (It becomes more challenging) |
| Resistance to interference from irrelevant information | Inhibition |
| True/False: The amount of information that people can store in working memory declines with age. | True |
| What type of knowledge allows the ability to maximize memory? | Accumulated metacognitive knowledge |
| On what aspect of the cognitive system does aging have little impact? | Metacognition |
| What requires people to size up real-world situations and analyze how best to achieve goals that have a high degree of uncertainty? | Practical problem solving |
| An extensive, highly organized, and integrated knowledge base that can be used to support a high level of performance. | Expertise |
| True/False: Youthful creativity is often deliberate and thoughtful. | False (It is often spontaneous and emotional) |
| What does creativity become after age 40? | Deliberate and Thoughtful |
| When is creativity largely egocentric and when is it more altruistic? | Egocentric creativity = Youth Altruistic creativity = Adult |
| Which gender are most adult learners? | Women |
| True/False: Education transforms development and often profoundly reshapes the life course. | True |
| Narrowing of goals, selecting activities to optimize, and compensating for losses | Selective optimization with compensation |
| Recall of everyday experiences | Episodic memory |
| True/False: Difficulties in episodic memory rises substantially in old age. | True |
| A fairly automatic type of memory that demands little mental effort | Recognition |
| Which suffers more in late adulthood: Recognition or Recall? | Recall |
| Memory without conscious awareness | Implicit memory |
| True/False: Age differences in implicit memory are much greater than explicit (deliberate) memory. | False |
| Difficulty creating and retrieving links between pieces of information | Associative memory deficit |
| How can someone improve their associative memory? | Helpful memory cues |
| Very long-term memory | Remote memory |
| True/False: Intermediate events are more frequently recalled than both remote and recent events by people between ages 50 and 90. | False (Remote and recent events are more easily recalled) |
| When do most remote events happen? (Reminiscence bump) | Ages 10 and 30 |
| Culturally shared, important life events (School, prom, graduation, marriage, childbirth) | Reminiscence bump |
| Memory that refers to remembering to engage in planned actions in the future | Prospective memory |
| True/False: Older adults do better on event-based (event serves as a cue) than time-based (passage of time) memory tasks. | True |
| True/False: Once a prospective memory task is finished, older adults find it hard to stop, so they will often repeat tasks again. | True |
| What 2 aspects of language production show age-related losses? | 1. Retrieving words from long-term memory 2. Planning what to say and how to say it |
| True/False: Older adults develop compensatory techniques for their language production problems. | True (eg. speak slowly) |
| True/False: Older people are less active and effective in solving problems of everyday life. | False (Not as long as they perceive the problems under their control) |
| True/False: Older adults are less likely to consult others for advice. | False |
| True/False: Older married couples are more likely to collaborate in problem solving. | True |
| Breadth and depth of practical knowledge and ability to reflect on and apply this knowledge in ways that make life more bearable and worthwhile | Wisdom |
| What type of maturity includes the ability to listen patiently and empathetically, and give sound advice? | Emotional maturity |
| What are the 5 ingredients of wisdom? | 1. Knowledge about fundamental concerns of life. 2. Effective strategies that apply knowledge for making life decisions. 3. Consideration for the multiple demands of life contexts. 4. Concern with ultimate human values. 5. Awareness and management of life's uncertainties. |
| True/False: Age guarantees that a person will have wisdom. | False |
| What contributes to late-life wisdom? | The experience from having faced and overcome adversity. |
| True/False: Wisdom is a powerful contributor to human welfare and gratification in old age. | True |
| What status powerfully predicts older adults' cognitive functioning? | Health status (eg. chronic disease linked with cognitive declines) |
| Acceleration in deterioration of cognitive functioning prior to death | Terminal decline |
| True/False: Participation of older adults in continuing education has decreased slightly over the past few decades. | False (It has increased substantially) |
| True/False: Older adults' willingness to acquire new knowledge and skills is shown through the use of online technology. | True |
| Participants in lifelong learning tend to be from which SES bracket? | High SES (Tend to be active, well-educated, and rich) |
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