2487163
| Question | Answer |
| Potassium manganate 1/2 equation | \(KMnO_4^-\) + 8 \(H^+\) + 5\(e^-\) --> \(Mn^{2+}\) + 4\(H_2O\) |
| Ethanedioic acid half equation | \(C_2O_4^{2-}\) --> 2\(CO_2\) + 2\(e^-\) |
| Thiosulphate half equation | 2\(S_2O_3^{2-}\) --> \(S_4O_6^{2-}\) + 2\(e^-\) |
| Iodine half equation | \(I_2\) + 2\(e^-\) --> 2\(I^-\) |
| Bleach half equation | \(ClO^-\) + 2\(H^+\) + 2\(e^-\) --> \(Cl^-\) + \(H_2O\) |
| Forming copper (I) iodide solid equation | 2\(Cu^{2+}\) + 4\(I^-\) --> 2CuI + \(I_2\) |
| Oxidation of methanol | \(CH_3OH\) + \(H_2O\) ---> \(CO_2\) + 6\(H^+\) + 6\(e^-\) |
| Dichromate breathalyser test | add in with a photo |
| Combustion of benzene | 2 benzene + 15\(O_2\) --> 12\(CO_2\) + 6\(H_2O\) |
| Benzene + 3\(Br_2\) in the light goes to... Name the meachnism | 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6-hexabromocyclohexane Free-radical addition |
| Benzene plus \(Br_2\) in the dark goes to... And name the mechanism and any other reactants or conditions | Bromobenzene + HBr Electrophillic substitution Needs a halogen carrier \(FeBr_3\) or Fe Reflux |
| How is a halogen carrier regenerated and from what? | \(AlCl_4^-\) + \(H^+\) --> \(AlCl_3\) + HCl |
| Nitration of benzene reaction and conditions | Benzene w/ conc. nitric and sulpuric acid Produces nitrobenzene and water 50 degrees |
| What is the name and formula of the electrophile used in nitration of benzene? | Nitronium ion \(NO_2^+\) |
| How is a nitronium ion formed? | |
| Sulfonation of benzene overall reaction, conditions and mechanism | Benzene + fuming sulphuric acid --> Benzene sulphonic acid + \(H_2O\) Room temperature Electrophillic substitution |
| What is fuming sulphuric acid? | Sulphuric acid with additional sulphur trioxide in it. |
| What are 2 types of Friedel-craft's reactions? | Alkylation and acylation |
| Overall reaction for alkylation of benzene and what is the mechanism? | R-Cl + benzene --> R-benzene + HCl Electrophillic substitution |
| Overall reaction for acylation of benzene and mechanism? | RC=O-Cl + Benzene --> phenyl ketone + HCl Electrophillic substitution |
| What is the name of the electrophile in acylation of benzene? | Acylium ion |
| By what mechanism is poly(phenylethene) produced? | Addition polymerisation of phenylethene |
| What is the mechanism for benzene to cyclohexane and what catalyst is used? | Addition Raney Nickel catalyst |
| Benzene + 3 \(H_2\) --> And at what temperature? | Cyclohexane and 150 degrees |
| Is phenol activating or deactivating? | Activating |
| Phenol + bromine water --> Reaction, mechanism, conditions | 2, 4, 6-tribromophenol + 3HBr Multi-electrophillic substitution No heating needed or halogen carrier |
| What is observed when phenol is reacted with bromine water? | The bromine water is decolourised A white precipitate smelling of antiseptic forms |
| What is TCP and what is it used for? | Trichlorophenol Antiseptic |
| How can you make TCP? | Phenol + 3 \(Cl_2\) (aq) |
| Phenol + (3) dil. nitric A | 2, 4, 6-trinitrophenol (s) + 3 \(H_2O\) |
| What reagent/s are used for nitration of phenol? | Only dilute nitric acid is needed. |
| Benzene with potassium manganate does what? | It will oxidise any hydrocarbon side chain to an acid group, as well as benzaldehyde. |
| What does \(NH_2\) do to benzene ring? | Activates it |
| Describe a tetramethylamine ion | 3 methyl group attached to a central N with a positive charge. |
| ethylamine + HCl | ethylammonium chloride |
| What type of salts do amines produce with HCl? | Ammonium chloride salts |
| Amine + acid --> | ammonium salt |
| How many phenylamines are there in a copper complex with water? | 2 |
| How many methyl amines are involved in a copper complex with water? | 4 |
| What is a stronger base, a primary alkyl amine or ammonia and why? | The primary alkyl amine because the methyl group is electron donating and enhances N's lone pair |
| Which is a stronger base, phenyl amine or ammonia and why? | Ammonia because \(NH_2\) on the benzene donates electrons to the delocalised ring structure which decreases N's lone pair electron density. |
| What is notable about the sulfonation of benzene? | It is reversible |
| Can phenyl amine form salts? (give details) | Yes Only with strong acids to drive the equilibrium to the right Forms phenylammonium salts |
| Acyl chloride + amine | HCl + N-substituted amide |
| Chloromethane + methyl amine Mechanism and products | Dimethylamine + HCl Nucleophillic substitution |
| Ethanoyl chloride + phenyl amine... | HCl + N-phenylethanamide |
| When phenol is nitrated what is the ratio of 2:4 nitrophenol? | 2:1 |
| 4-aminophenol + ethanoic anhydride And give the mechanism | Ethanoic acid + paracetamol |
| Reduction of nitrobenzene overall reaction | nitrobenzene + 3 \(H_2\) --> w/ Sn/HCl Phenylamine + 2 \(H_2O\) |
| Formation of nitrous acid | |
| Amine + nitrous acid --> Reaction and conditions | Alcohol + \(N_{2(gas)}\) + \(H_2O\) T<5\(\omicron\) |
| How would you convert an amine into an alcohol? | React with nitrous acid below 5\(\omicron\) |
| Phenyl amine + nitrous acid T > 5\(\omicron\) | Phenol + \(N_{2(gas)}\) + \(H_2O\) |
| Phenyl amine + nitrous acid + HCl T < 5\(\omicron\) | benzenediazonium ion + 2 \(H_2O\) |
| Can you form benzenediazonium ions from aliphatic amines? | No, because they are so unstable they decompose even at low temperatures. |
| Can you form benzenediazonium ions from aromatic amines? | Yes |
| How do you form a benzenediazonium ion? And what by product is produced? | Phenylamine + \(HNO_2\) + HCl 2 \(H_2O\) molecules |
| Between what 2 things does a coupling reaction happen? | Phenol and benzenediazonium chloride |
| Conditions for coupling reaction | Cold & alkaline |
| benzenediazonium chloride + phenol | azobenzene + HCl |
| Where is the positive charge on a benzenediazonium ion? | The inside N |
| How many bonds are there between the N's of a benzenediazonium chloride? | 3 |
| How many bonds are there between the N's of an azo dye? | 2 |
| Acyl chloride + ammonia | Amide + HCl |
| Polyesters are formed by what type of polymerisation? | Condensation |
| Polyamides are formed by what type of polymerisation? | Condensation |
| Polypeptides are formed by what type of polymerisation? | Condensation |
| What type of polymer is PET? | A polyester |
| What type of polymer is Nylon? | A polyamide |
| What type of polymer is Kevlar? | A polyamide |
| Poly(propenamide) is formed by which type of reaction? | Addition |
| Poly(ethenol) is formed by which type of reaction? | Addition polymerisation |
| Ninhydrin + amino acid --> | Ammonia + hydrindatin + aldehydes + \(CO_2\) |
| How is Ruheman's purple pigment produced? | Hydrindatin reacting with ammonia |
| Is phenol solution acidic or alkaline? | Acidic because OH is activating so the OH bond is more polar |
| Phenol + oxidising agent | No change as phenol is not readily oxidised |
| How would you add a carbon to a chain? | R-X (haloalk) + KCN Reflux in alkaline sol RCN + KX |
| How would you add a carbon to aromatic molecules? | Freidel-Craft's alkylation |
| Hofmann's degradation reaction | |
| Hofmann's degradation conditions | Heat |
| Hunsdieker reaction | |
| Conditions of Hunsdieker reaction | Reflux in \(CCl_4\) |
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