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Description
Flashcards by briella-awele, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by briella-awele
over 9 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Do not shuffle these cards as they are part of a story telling process and part of the quiz. | Do not shuffle these cards as they are part of a story telling process. Also make sure you have paper as this is a quiz |
| Katie is a psychological scientist, and has ups and downs with love and wishes to find the one. Katie worries about this as her findings from studies about relationships haven't been too positive | Derek is a mental therapist. He is of different to Katie and detests the idea of love , but his parents have given him an ultimatum to find someone and settle down. |
| What has scientific study of relationships formation shown us? (2) | Formation of relationships has little to do with shared emotions (1) and more to do to with self interest (2) |
| Katie reads about ways she could end up meeting someone and being attracted to them. Following Byrne and Clore theory that was developed in 1970. Name the theory. (1) | Rewards/Need Satisfaction theory |
| What does the Relationship/Need satisfaction theory suggest about the reasons why someone might be attracted to their partner? (1) | That they are attracted to people who they find satisfying and gratifying to be with |
| Why might this be so? (Why might people be attracted to people they find satisfying and gratifying to be with) (1) | We are motivated to see rewarding stimuli and avoid punishing stimuli |
| Katie goes to work, she finds the job rewarding? What is it about the job she finds rewarding according to Byrne and Clore. (1) | That it tends to reflect their unmet needs |
| mention some needs that people have according to Byrne and Clore (3) | Need for company (1) Financial security (1) Attractive Partner (1) |
| Name two ways the Reward/need satisfaction theory shows how attraction can be formed? (2) | Reinforcement and Association |
| What type of approach does Byrne and Clore's theory follow (1) | The Psychological approach/ The behavioural approach |
| Name one issue about the type of approach Byrne and Clore's theory follow? (1) | They can be very reductionist |
| Derek goes on a date with someone his parents has set up for him. How can operant conditioning be linked to how attraction might not be formed in this situation? (4) | You get attracted to people by reinforcement (1) Derek's date produces negative feelings and so is seen as punishing stimuli (1) We repeat behaviour that leads to a desirable outcome (1) The presence of his date is directly associated with negative reinforcement making her less attractive (1) |
| Name a study which has shown that reinforcement might be involved in formation of relationships (1) | Griffit and Guay (1) Sheldon et al (1) Cate et al (1) |
| Compare the way operant conditioning and classical conditioning can be linked to how attraction may be formed. (7) | They both support that we learn unknowingly to be attracted to certain people (1) Classical conditioning supports association whereas operant supports reinforcement (1) people can be associated with happy events whereas people can be reinforced by positive stimuli (1) We are more inclined to like people if we meet them when we feel happy/ neutral stimulus can become positively valued because of association with pleasant events (1) Balance of negative and positive feelings is crucial in relationship formation (1) Relationships where positive feelings outweigh negative are more likely to develop and succeed (1) presence of some individuals can be associated with reinforcement so both can be linked to each other (1) |
| Name another theory by Byrne and Clore with Smeaton (1) | Similarity theory |
| Describe how two stages of the similarity theory leads to relationship formation (4) | Stage 1: People sort out partners for dissimilarity and avoid those who seem to be too different from themselves (2) Stage 2: People are more likely to choose people who are more similar to themselves (2) |
| Katie and Derek are both serious and hardworking. They decide to set each other up on a blind date. Derek sets Katie up with Joe a guy who always avoids responsibility and enjoys having fun. (Flip) | Katie sets Derek up with Anna, she enjoys having fun but also understands the idea of why she has to work. |
| Based on the similarity theory, which date may end up potentially developing? Why? (4) | Derek and Anna's relationship will develop more (1) Katie and Joe have different personalities (1) Katie and Joe have different attitudes to work (1) Derek and Anna have different personalities (1) |
| How will Derek and Anna based on similarity theory end up having a successful relationship when it comes to making decisions about where to go out to... (3) | Derek and Anna will have to have attitude alignment occur (1) Derek will probably be the one who modifies his attitude to having fun (1) Anna has already modified her attitude to working (1) |
| Katie goes on a date with Joe, notices he is sweet and sees her as his dream girl. | Derek and Anna go out again. Derek ends up having an appointment to go to, having his brain scanned to check for activities in his brain. Anna goes with him. |
| Suggest why Lott's theory of formation of relationship can show that Katie and Joe may end up being attracted to each other, What does this suggest about both Byrne and Clore's theory.(5) | There might be gender differences in formation of relationships (1) Lott suggests women are more focused on the needs of others (1) Katie might want to Joe to be happy as she thinks he deserves it (1) Joe might have Katie feel positive as she is complimented she might become reinforced by that feeling (1) Both theories may nor be universal explanations about formation (1) |
| Suggest following Aron's theory of relationship formation which areas of the brain may show strong activity when Anna holds Derek's hand? Suggest how it affects him (4) | Ventral tegmental area (1) Elevated of dopamine in subcortical reward regions (1) Anna and Derek might have an intense romantic attraction (1) Derek ends up feeling reinforced by Anna as she is seen as a reward (1) |
| Katie sends Joe a sentimental gift for their 5 months anniversary | Derek and Anna go out for 5 months. Derek and Anna as they get to know each other start becoming less attracted to each other. |
| Using hay's theory of formation of relationship suggest why Katie might end up being attracted to Joe even more? (2) | Katie might end up gaining satisfaction from giving her present to Joe (1) This increases her reinforcement of positive feelings with Joe making her like him more (1) |
| Using Rosenbaum's theory. Suggest why Anna and Derek might become less attracted to each other? Mention 2 studies which have shown to support him. (4) | They have more dissimilarities than similarities (1) Dissimilarity repulsion hypothesis (1) Tan in Singapore and Drigotas in US (2) |
| Name a positive evaluation of Casper and Herberner in 1990 (2) | It had high mundane realism (1) High ecological validity (1) |
| According to Yoshida, what other factors may be more important in relationship formation? (3) | Similarity of self concept (1) Economic level (1) Physical condition (1) |
| But why is similarity so important for Derek and Anna's relationship? (2) | If Anna is more similar, she is assumed to like Derek more (1) Anna is validated when she shares the same values as Derek which makes her rewarding (1) |
| Although Derek is less attracted to Anna, she likes him even more. According to the study of Lehr and Gehr, might Anna liking Derek change his attraction for her? (2) | Knowing someone likes you is rewarding (1) This results in more mutual liking for each other (1) |
| Anna and Joe's relationship have been going amazing, she feels extremely happy but sometimes she feels like Joe might like her more than she likes him. | Derek and Anna's relationship is strained, but Derek tries to make it work. However there's Elisa, she joins his work force and this is causing issues for Derek as he might be attracted to her. |
| According to Thibaut and Kelley in 1959, what is social behaviour? (2) | A series of exchanges (1) In which people attempt to maximise rewards and minimise their costs (1) |
| In Katie's relationship with Joe, do you think she thinks she has earned a profit or loss? (2) | Profit (1) The rewards exceed the costs... (1) |
| What are some rewards Anna may receive from the relationship with Derek according to Thibaut and Kelley (3) | Being cared for (1) Companionship (1) Sex (1) |
| What may be the costs of Derek's and Anna's relationship? (3) | Effort (1) Time wasted (1) Financial investment in dates (1) |
| How do Katie and Derek calculate the outcome of their relationships according to Thibaut and Kelley (1) | Rewards-cost= outcome |
| What is the name of Thibaut and Kelley's theory? (1) | Social exchange theory |
| What type of approach does this theory follow? (1) | Economic (1) |
| In order for Derek to judge whether Anna offers him something better than what he expects from Elisa what does he develop? Define what this is? (2) | Comparison level (1) A standard in which all our relationships are judged (1) |
| In Derek's eyes, Elisa's potential profit exceeds his Comparison level. How do you think he will perceive his and Anna's relationship? (2) | Their relationship will be perceived as not worthwhile (1) Anna's profit may be lower than his comparison level (1) |
| Derek starts to compare the two ways the two girls make him feel? How might he carry this out (3) | Development of comparison level for alternatives (1) He weighs up a potential increase in rewards from Anna and Elisa (1) He minuses the cost associated with ending his relationship with Anna (1) |
| According to Walster et al's theory in 1978 about maintenance of relationships, why might Joe and Katie's relationship start to dwindle? (2) | People strive to achieve fairness in relationships and feel stress at any signs of unfairness (1) Anna seems to perceive her self as giving little but receiving a lot from Joe making her feel dissatisfied (1) |
| How might Katie decide if there is inequity in her relationship with Joe? (2) | Calculates Ratio of inputs and outputs (1) It is subjective assessment of the relative inputs of Anna to the outcomes of the outputs for Joe. (1) |
| According to the theory, how might Anna react when she realises there is inequity in the relationship with Joe? (2) | She will be motivated to restore it (1) By changing the amount she puts in the relationship and the amount she demands from it (1) |
| According to Stafford and Canary, what are the five maintenance strategies Anna might measure in her relationship with Derek (5) | Positivity (1) Openness (1) Assurances (1) Social networks (1) Sharing of tasks (1) |
| According to Rusbult and Martz why might Katie not break up with Joe? (4) | Investments are high, she has financial security and companionship (1) Alternatives are low she has no money or doesn't think there's a better relationship out there (1) She will consider this a profit situation (1) According to Social Exchange theory (1) |
| Derek decides to reduce his comparison level for alternatives. According to Simpson et al what effect may this have on his relationship with aNNA (1) | It protects his relationship by removing potential threats (1) |
| How does Simpson et al disagree with Social exchange theory? (3) | Does not explain why some people leave without alternatives (1) Does not suggest how great the disparity in Cl has to be, before it becomes unsatisfactory (1) Therefore It over simplifies and is reductionist (1) |
| What are the limitations for social exchange theory according to Duck and Saints in 1983 (3) | Ignores social aspects of a relationship/Focuses too much on the individual's perspective (1) Focuses only on selfish nature of theory (1) Only applies to individualist cultures (1) |
| Why might Social exchange theory only apply to individualist cultures? Who developed this theory? (4) | Moghaddam in 1998 (1) Highly mobile (1) experience many short term relationships as not a lot of time to develop long term (1) So more concerned with give and take (1) |
| What did Steil and Weltman in 1991 find out about Equity theory? (3) | Gender differences occur (1) Women do not care a lot about ratings as women who worked harder and gained more money still saw their husbands career as more important (1) Women tend to seek less for themselves than comparable men making comparable contributions (1) |
| According to Clark and Mills why might Katie stay in her relationship with Joe? (3) | Not all relationships are based on economics (1) Communal relationships are more based on responding to the needs of the partner (1) Anna may believe things will balance out in the long run (1) |
| How did Demaris support the equity theory (2) | Women sense of feeling under benefited led to the only inequity affecting the marriage (1) This raises the risk of the divorce/break ups (1) |
| What did Ragsdale and Brand au-Brown conclude about Equity theory? (2) | Insufficient theory to explain marital maintenance (1) Marriages in which partners respect each other do not use equity as a measure (1) |
| Katie seeks advice about what do with her relationship with Joe, when she realises that he's been promoted in his job which involves him going to Fiji. Her friends finally convince her to stay with him and Joe surprises her with a romantic gesture. | Derek decides to break up with Anna, but doesn't know how to carry it out, meanwhile Anna starts to realise that that her relationship with Derek has become strained. |
| Who developed the break down model for relationships? (2) | Duck and Rollie (2) |
| What may be the reason according to Baxter for why Anna and Derek's relationship has started to break down (2) | According to social exchange theory the rewards in the relationship isn't been found (1) Thus there ends up being lack of stimulation in the relationship (1) |
| Why might Katie be freaked out about Joe leaving to Fiji (4) | According to Shaver et al (1985) (1) Relationships become strained due to lack of seeing each other (1) Due to lack of daily contact (1) |
| How is a relationship like a car according to Duck? (3) | Lack of skills in the relationship can cause breakdown just as lack of skills of driver can lead to accidents (1) Actions of other people can lead to break down of relationship just as action of other road users can cause accidents (1) A poorly maintained relationship leads to break down just as a poorly maintained car. (1) |
| Derek thinks that Anna lacks social skills making it difficult to speak with her. How might this affect his decision and name a psychologist that supports this. (3) | Duck 1991 (1) Anna might be poor at indicating her interest in Derek (1) Making him perceive her as not interested in relating with him making him want to break up with her even more (1) |
| At what stage might Derek be according to break down of relationships model by Duck and Rollie and why (2) | The Intrapsychic process (1) Derek is dissatisfied with the relationship and is brooding on his Anna's faults and mistakes... (1) |
| Katie decides to tell Joe how she feels, at what stage is Katie now according to the break down of the relationship model (2) | Dyadic process (1) She's discussing her discontents and reassessing the goals of the relationship (1) |
| Derek breaks up with Anna but his parents tell him to stay with her, at what stage is Derek now according to the relationship breakdown model (2) | Social processes (1) He is seeking support from his family a third party (1) |
| Anna and Derek finally break up, although Anna is heartbroken she decides to get a new life, while Derek spends time in pubs thinking about what he wants to get out of future relationships. What stage are both of them at now (4) | Resurrection process (1) Both are recreating their own sense of value (1) Both are getting prepared for a different relational future (1) Both are thinking and learning from their relationship (1) |
| Anna decides however to call Derek later on hoping that they could be friends. Derek refuses. How does Akert and Brehm explain this? (4) | Gender differences with Duck's theory (1) Women are more likely to stress unhappiness of incompatibility (1) men are upset by sexual withholding (1) Men want to cut losses and move on while women desire to be friends after wards (1) |
| How might Rohfling's and Holt's theory about breakdown of relationship put Katie's mind to ease? (2) | Long distance relationships are more common now (1) We are a mobile society (1) There is sometimes little decrease in relationship satisfaction as long as they reunite regularly (1) |
| What is the biggest positive evaluation for Duck's model (2) | It has great implications for intervention of breakdown of relationships (1) The different stages make it easier to be identified and so real life applications can be made (1) |
| Katie and Joe have stayed together for whole year. She is starting to have thoughts about her future with Joe including maybe marriage. However Katie is starting to question her feelings for Derek as well. | Derek has gone back to his player ways, sleeps with many girls and doesn't care about his parent's request. Derek though has been meeting up with Katie and is starting to fall in love with her. |
| Using the knowledge you know about the nature of sexual selection what process might be taking place in Katie's and Derek's life? (4) | Derek is involved in Intrasexual selection (1) He has to compete with Joe to get Katie's heart (1) Katie's involved with Intersexual selection (1) She has to choose between Joe and Derek (1) |
| Katie and Derek go to pick up her cousin at the nusery. Katie notices that Derek is very good with Kids. How might this affect her feelings for Joe according to the theories of sexual selection. (3) | Derek is revealing that he has traits which may give her protection and support her later on in the future (1) Katie is preprogramed to attend to displays of these traits and increases her willingness to mate with Derek (1) Making her more attracted to him (1) |
| How does the parental investment theory explain Derek's player ways (2) | Men evolved a greater desire for casual sex (1) So he lowers his standards in context for short term mating opportunities (1) |
| According to sexual selection why might Derek be more attracted to Katie? (3) | Males are more attracted to females who display signals of good fertility (1) Katie might be physically attractive and is younger than Derek (1) Derek might think Katie is intelligent and kind and dependable (1) |
| What did Buss in 1989 discover from his study with 10000 people with 37 different cultures? (4) | Women desired more than men good financial prospects and men that were seen as ambitious (1) Men placed importance on physical attractiveness (1) Men wanted universally women younger than them (1) Both sexes wanted someone intellighent, kind and dependable. (1) |
| Why might Katie and Derek being intelligent attract each other according to sexual selection? (2) | Being intelligent shows you havehigh quality/good skills (1) This can be linked to parenting skills (1) |
| What might have been an evaluation for Buss's survey in 1989 (3) | Might suffered from problems with validility (1) Artificial study, might not reflect what happens in everyday life (1) Thus lack of mundane realism (1) |
| How can Derek's player ways be explained by sexual selection theory by Buss and Schmidt in 1993 (3) | According to Parental investment theory (1) Men evolved a greater desire for casual sex (1) Men are seen as more sucessfully biologically if he manages to sleep with many women (1) As he would have passed on his copies of his genes (1) |
| How can sexual selection explain why Derek might not be attracted to any of the girls he's slept around with... (4) | Men appear to lower their standards in the context of short term mating opportunities (1) Evolutionary adapation by Derek helps him make a hasty depature from the girl (1) He ends up having a decreased sexual attraction to them after sex (1) Prevents him from spending to long with them (1) |
| How can sexual selection explain why Derek might not be attracted to any of the girls he's slept around with... (4) | Men appear to lower their standards in the context of short term mating opportunities (1) Evolutionary adapation by Derek helps him make a hasty depature from the girl (1) He ends up having a decreased sexual attraction to them after sex (1) Prevents him from spending to long with them (1) |
| What traits in Joe might make Katie think about marraige with him according to sexual selection. (5) | He's a Long term preference (1) His job means he's able to invest resources in her and her children (1) His physique might suggest he's able to protect her and her future children (1) Shows promise to be a good parent by being kind (1) He's also sufficiently compatible to enusre minimise cost for her and future children. (1) |
| Why do mechanisms for mate choice evolve? (4) | Being choosy requires time and energy (1) Costs of mate choice can impair survival (1) It pays to be choosy as genetic quality of a mate will determine half the genetic quality of any offspring (1) By joining force with an attractive higher quality mate, offspring are higher quality and individual genes are likely to be passed on or vice versa (1) |
| How does research from Pentan-Voak et al in 1999 support sexual selection theory (6) | Female choice varies across menstrual cycle (1) Women choose slighly feminised version of men's face as most attractive for long term date (1) But when there was high conception risk phase of menstrual cycle they prefered masculine shaped face (1) Choosing feminised suggests they want a partner who might be kind (1) But copulate with men who are more masculine (1) Having a mixed mating strategy (1) |
| How does Kenrick et al disagree with Buss's study (3) | Teenage males are most attracted to women who are five years older than them (1) Despite the fact women usually show no interest in them (1) They are also not easily controlled by them (1) |
| Why does mate switching disagree with sexual selection? (3) | Gender bias (1) Women may have more benefits by using short term as awya to leave a poor quality relationship (1) To produce genetically diverse offspring (1) |
| Why does mate switching disagree with sexual selection? (3) | Gender bias (1) Women may have more benefits by using short term as awya to leave a poor quality relationship (1) To produce genetically diverse offspring (1) |
| Name another study which supports short term mating strategies... (2) | Clark and Hartfield (2) |
| How did Miller support Buss's theory? (3) | Women at the nearer most fertile point of their menstrual cycle are more attractive to men (1) Lapdancers earned more money when they were most fertile (1) Earning twice as more as other lap dancers (1) |
| Katie visits a friend of hers, who had a child when she was young and seeks advice about her situation. | Derek hangs out with one of his male mates, who is recently shocked at the news that his girlfriend of 6 months is pregnant.. |
| What is the most obvious sex difference between Katie's friend and Derek's friends parental investment? (2) | Males can opt out of parental investment (1) Females cannot (1) |
| How can these sex differences be explained? (4) | By expending a relatively large part of the reproductive effort on courtship and mating, males can afford to devote little in comparison to females (1) Daly and Wilson came up with this (1) Katie's friend will make the larger investment and so will be more sexual discrimanting (1) While Derek's frien will have to compete for acess for his woman. (1) |
| Describe maternal investment according to Parental investment theory (4) | Investment by females is considerably greater than that by males (1) Females produce fewer gametes over the course of her life(1) Human reproduction involves internal fertilisation (1) Making females certain that they are the true parent of the child (1) |
| How does evolutionary adaptations cause how we give birth now? (4) | As brain size increased due to adaptive pressures (1) resulted in a more difficult childbirth because of enlargement in the skull (1) Thus childbirth occurs earlier in development (1) Infants are born immature compared to other animals (1) |
| Why might females invest more? (4) | Human females breastfeed their young (1) Are more burdened by the extended period of childcare (1) Make greater prenatal contribution as they are carrying the child (1) Make greater postnatal contribution as they have to take care of the child (1) |
| According to parental investment theory, why is random mating more costly to females (3) | Costs of childcare are high (1) An enormous difference in potential maximum reproductive success of the sexes (1) |
| How does Goetz and Shackelford explain why Derek's mate can easily not have to invest in the upcoming baby (3) | Men can potentially can father an unlimited number of children (1) Males can walk away after achieving task of fertilisation (1) Indiscriminate mating tends to be much less costly for a man (1) |
| How does Miller support Derek's mate worrying about his situation (3) | Males are under pressure to protect themselves from possibility of cuckoldry (1) Have greater concerns about the fidelity of his girlfriend (1) He's trying to ensure that his care is not misdirected towards a child who's not his own (1) |
| How are men adapted to sort out these worries according to Buss (2) | Sexual jealousy (1) Men are more jealous of sexual acts to avoid cuckoldry (1) |
| How does this differ with females? (2) | females have emotional jealousy (1) Jealous of shift in emotional focus to avoid loss of resources (1) |
| What does research by Geher et al in 2007 show about the parental investment theory (3) | Men are biologically less prepared than females to confront issues assiocated with parenting (2) Males are more stressed when there is worry about not being able to provide financial security (1) |
| What might be Derek's mate's girl cuckolding him risks? (2) | Possibility of abandonment (1) He could use mate retention strategies such as violence/threats (1) |
| How can males increase the success of their child rearing? (3) | Restricting their reproductive opportunities (1) Invest more in the individual offspring (1) Provide resources allowing family to live in healthier environments reducing deaths (1) |
| How does Anderson not agree with the parental investment theory (2) | Stepfathers do no discriminate between their stepchildren and their children (1) Thus they spend time spending resources on children that aren't theirs (1) |
| Katie and Derek go to a school reunion which makes them remember memories. Katie was very insecure with her relationship with her parents and was kind of a very shy girl who did not make many friends. | Derek had a very secure relationship, and was very popular when he was younger, and had many relationships with different girls. |
| What are the three behavioural systems that are integrated by what we experience as romantic love according to Shaver (3) | Attachment (1) Caregiving (1) Sexuality systems (1) |
| What are the three behavioural systems that are integrated by what we experience as romantic love according to Shaver (3) | Attachment (1) Caregiving (1) Sexuality systems (1) |
| How is attachment linked with romantic love? (3) | Internal working model (1) Bowlby 1969 (1) Relationships are a continuation of early attachment styles (1) |
| How might attachment explains Katie's relationships? (2) | She may have an attachment disorder (1) It might interfere with subsequent interpersonal relationships such as with her parents or romantic relationships (1) |
| if Katie has avoidant attachment, how might this affect how she learns in her sexuality system? (2) | She's more likely to hold the view that without love is pleasurable (1) Which she might have learned in relation to her early attachment (1) |
| What might Munn and Quarter in 2005 explain about Derek's confidence in relationships? (3) | Children learn from experiences with other children (1) He has an internalised view of how he thinks about him self due experiences with other children (1) he has developed his own sense of value as a result of interactions with others (1) |
| How does Nangle et al in 2003 explain his confidence in relationships (3) | Children's friendships are characterised by affection , alliance and intimacy (1) Friendships are training grounds for important adult relationships (1) experience promotes feelings of trust, acceptance and sense of being understood needed in adult relationships (1) |
| Why does Derek and Katie have adolescent relationships? (3) | Achieve goal of separation from parents (1) Can redirect intense interpersonal energy towards partner (1) Allows them to get a different type of emotional and physical intimacy (1) |
| How did Masden support adolescent relationships (4) | tested effects of dating behaviour in adolescence on quality of young adult relationships (1) Moderate or low frequency dating predicted higher quality relationships (1) Heavy dating predicted poorer quality (1) Too much dating can be maladaptive (1) |
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